{"title":"What a Megawatt Costs","asof":"2026-09-30","places":[{"id":"ercot","name":"Texas","full":"Texas (ERCOT) - Dallas-Fort Worth, Abilene, West Texas","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":72,"mid":54.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-09","basis":"A firm request made in Oct 2026 misses ERCOT's one-time Batch Zero study (submissions closed 24 Jul 2026) and must wait for a later batch whose rules are not yet set. On 3 Aug 2026 Gov. Abbott ordered an audit of every data center in the queue, and ERCOT paused energization approvals for data-center and crypto loads of 75 MW or more until its verification report (due 10 Dec 2026). The Batch Zero study was due 9 Apr 2027 and is now delayed with no new date; the loads it conditionally includes (66.4 GW base, 127.9 GW studied) phase in over 2028-2032. A new 100 MW+ grid connection is therefore unlikely before late 2029, and 2031-32 is plausible. The usual workaround is bring-your-own…","src":"https://www.ercot.com/files/docs/2026/09/11/14-Batch-Zero-Update.pdf","snippet":"ERCOT has paused the energization of new Large Load data centers and crypto mining facilities"},"gate":{"status":"paused","note":"ERCOT paused approvals to energize data-center and crypto loads of 75 MW+ on Aug 3, 2026, pending an eligibility audit report due Dec 10, 2026.","src":"https://www.ercot.com/files/docs/2026/09/11/14-Batch-Zero-Update.pdf"},"price":{"v":65.5,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_b","basis":"EIA average industrial retail price, TX, 2025 (6.55¢/kWh, preliminary); 2026 Jan–Jul: $67.2/MWh. All industrial customers; large loads on special contracts can differ.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":32.94,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.ercot.com/misdownload/servlets/mirDownload?doclookupId=1177667469","basis":"Simple time-weighted mean of the 8,760 hourly 2025 day-ahead settlement point prices at HB_NORTH, computed from ERCOT's 'Historical DAM Load Zone and Hub Prices' file (product NP4-180-ER). For comparison, HB_HUBAVG averaged $33.50 and HB_WEST $33.74. Energy only: excludes T&D, 4CP transmission, ancillary services and retail margin."},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":29.0,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/xls/august_generator2026.xlsx","basis":"GW nameplate in the ERCOT balancing area (BA code ERCO) that EIA-860M lists as under construction (status U or V) or complete but not yet in commercial operation (TS). By technology: solar 14.9, batteries 8.2, gas combined-cycle 2.5, wind 2.0, gas CT 1.4. 17.8 GW of it is due in 2026. ERCOT added 15.35 GW in 2025 and 8.5 GW so far in 2026; all planned projects, including early-stage ones, total 88.4 GW.","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":474,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.utilitydive.com/news/texas-hits-pause-data-center-interconnections/827046/","basis":"Large-load interconnection requests ERCOT is considering, as cited in Gov. Abbott's 3 Aug 2026 directive; about 90% are data centers. ERCOT's own count was ~410 GW (~87% data centers) on 26 Mar 2026. Batch Zero's conditional classification (3 Sep 2026) keeps 66.4 GW as base load and 127.9 GW as studied load (362 projects) and excludes 302.2 GW (373 projects). These are requests, not contracts.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":379.4,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (in-state generation).","scope":"state"},"clean_pct":39.8,"reliability":{"v":232.05,"unit":"SAIDI min/yr (Oncor, the DFW-area wires utility; 2025, including major event days, Oncor's own reporting method; EIA-861 early release)","note":"Oncor's SAIDI excluding major events was 66.6 min, and ERCOT's market monitor found a 'genuine lack of shortage conditions' in 2025 (ORDC adder $0.02/MWh), so the binding constraint is interconnection, not generation adequacy.","asof":"2025","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861/zip/f8612025er.zip"},"water":{"v":"High","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Texas (state-level score 3.33, 'High (40-80%)'); individual basins such as West Texas and DFW may differ and are not resolved here","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"SB 6 (signed 20 Jun 2025) set interconnection standards, cost contributions and emergency-curtailment rules for loads of 75 MW or more; ERCOT has moved to batch studies, and PUCT's proposed 16 TAC 25.194 adds $50,000/MW of financial security. On 3 Aug 2026 Gov. Abbott froze data-center interconnections pending a PUCT/ERCOT audit (report due 10 Dec 2026), and in Sep 2026 he extended the freeze to state environmental permits for data centers.","policy_src":["https://www.akingump.com/en/insights/alerts/texas-pauses-data-center-interconnections-pending-statewide-audit","https://www.ercot.com/files/docs/2026/09/11/14-Batch-Zero-Update.pdf","https://www.ercot.com/files/docs/2026/04/01/ERCOT_LargeLoad_Update_April2026_B-C_-Hearing.pdf","https://energyinfrastructurepulse.sidley.com/2026/09/23/governor-abbotts-environmental-permitting-freeze-expands-pause-on-texas-data-center-development-to-all-texas-data-centers-pending-statewide-audit/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"nova","name":"N. Virginia","full":"Northern Virginia (Dominion Energy Virginia; PJM Dominion zone; Loudoun/Prince William)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":48,"hi":96,"mid":72.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-09","basis":"Dominion's contracted data-center backlog is 53.8 GW (Jul 2026). Over the past 10 years it has connected about 16 data-center customers and 615 MW a year (EEI, Sep 2026). EEI's example project is 900 MW delivered in three 300 MW phases through 2033. Virginia Mercury (Jul 2026) reports an average wait of seven years, about 10 large-load connections a year, and ~70 GW in the queue; Bloomberg reported the same seven-year wait in Aug 2024. A firm Oct 2026 request would therefore get its first 100 MW+ around 2030-2034. The emerging workaround is on-site gas turbines or fuel cells (e.g., Vantage VA2's approved air permit). Range derived from these statements.","src":"https://www.eei.org/-/media/Project/EEI/Documents/Issues%20and%20Policy/List%20of%20Large%20Customer%20Projects%20and%20Tariffs","snippet":"power to be provided in three phases of 300 MW each through 2033"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":94.5,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_b","basis":"EIA average industrial retail price, VA, 2025 (9.45¢/kWh, preliminary); 2026 Jan–Jul: $100.8/MWh. All industrial customers; large loads on special contracts can differ.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":60.03,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.monitoringanalytics.com/reports/PJM_State_of_the_Market/2025/2025-som-pjm-sec3.pdf","basis":"2025 average day-ahead LMP for the PJM Dominion (DOM) zone, from the PJM IMM 2025 State of the Market, Table 3-54; the load-weighted average was $65.41. Energy only. Capacity is extra: the RTO capacity auctions cleared at their caps, $333.44/MW-day for 2027/28 and $325.00/MW-day for 2028/29."},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":3.6,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/xls/august_generator2026.xlsx","basis":"GW nameplate in Virginia (statewide stand-in for the Dominion zone) that EIA-860M lists as U, V or TS. Most of it is the 2.64 GW Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind project (due 2027); the rest is ~0.75 GW solar and 0.14 GW batteries. The 1 GW Chesterfield gas CT (2029) is still at the approvals stage. All planned VA projects through 2030 total 7.4 GW, and VA added only 0.49 GW in 2025.","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":53.8,"asof":"2026-07","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.investing.com/news/company-news/dominion-q2-2026-slides-data-centers-surge-offshore-wind-81-done-93CH-4828982","basis":"Dominion Energy's contracted data-center capacity per its Q2 2026 earnings slides: 12.0 GW under firm Electric Service Agreements, 9.4 GW under construction letters of authorization, and 32.4 GW under substation-engineering letters of authorization. These are contracts, not requests; Virginia Mercury cites ~70 GW in the wider queue.","type":"contracted"},"carbon":{"v":356.6,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (in-state generation).","scope":"state"},"clean_pct":39.0,"reliability":{"v":306.7,"unit":"SAIDI min/yr (Dominion Energy Virginia, VA; 2025, including major event days, utility's own reporting method; EIA-861 early release)","note":"SAIDI excluding major events was 144.4 min, and PJM's 2028/29 capacity auction cleared 6,831 MW UCAP below its reliability requirement (14.4% reserve margin vs a 20% target), the second shortfall in a row.","asof":"2025","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861/zip/f8612025er.zip"},"water":{"v":"Medium-high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Virginia (state-level score 2.56, 'Medium - High (20-40%)')","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"The Virginia SCC's 25 Nov 2025 Dominion biennial-review order created a GS-5 class for customers of 25 MW or more (at least 75% load factor, per EEI), effective 1 Jan 2027, with minimum bills of 85% of contracted T&D demand and 60% of generation demand; press summaries report 14-year contracts. PJM capacity prices are at the cap ($325-333/MW-day), and a proposed Dominion-NextEra merger is under SCC review, with local public-comment hearings announced 22 Sep 2026.","policy_src":["https://www.scc.virginia.gov/about-the-scc/newsreleases/release/scc-issues-order-on-dev-biennial-review-2025/scc-rules-in-dev-biennial-review-case.html","https://www.eei.org/-/media/Project/EEI/Documents/Issues%20and%20Policy/List%20of%20Large%20Customer%20Projects%20and%20Tariffs","https://citizenportal.ai/articles/7371359/Virginia/2026-Legislature-VA/State-Corporation-Commission-orders-new-GS5-rate-class-for-large-datacenter-customers-sets-85-minimum-charges-and-14year-contracts","https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/markets-ops/rpm/rpm-auction-info/2028-2029/2028-2029-bra-results-report.pdf","https://virginiamercury.com/2026/07/20/data-centers-want-to-build-their-own-gas-turbines-would-that-skirt-state-renewable-energy-laws/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"ohio","name":"Ohio","full":"Central Ohio (AEP Ohio; PJM AEP zone; Columbus/New Albany)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":84,"mid":60.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-09","basis":"PUCO's Jul 2025 tariff order ended AEP Ohio's data-center moratorium, which had run since Mar 2023, and engineering studies now take 45-60 days. But AEP Ohio's 17.9 GW of contracted data-center load is scheduled to come online progressively through 2035, and the tariff allows up to a 4-year load ramp. New signers therefore queue behind that backlog in a PJM system that is short of capacity: the 2028/29 capacity auction came in 6.8 GW below the reliability requirement. As a bridge while the grid expands, AEP Ohio has contracted 100 MW of on-site Bloom fuel cells for two large customers (AWS, Cologix). Range estimated from these facts; AEP has not published a lead time.","src":"https://www.aepohio.com/company/news/view?releaseID=10753","snippet":"scheduled to come online progressively through 2035"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":85.2,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_b","basis":"EIA average industrial retail price, OH, 2025 (8.52¢/kWh, preliminary); 2026 Jan–Jul: $103.2/MWh. All industrial customers; large loads on special contracts can differ.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":45.81,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.monitoringanalytics.com/reports/PJM_State_of_the_Market/2025/2025-som-pjm-sec3.pdf","basis":"2025 average day-ahead LMP for the PJM AEP zone, from the PJM IMM 2025 State of the Market, Table 3-54; the load-weighted average was $48.43 (zone used, not the AEP-Dayton hub). Energy only. Capacity is extra at the RTO cap: $333.44/MW-day for 2027/28 and $325.00/MW-day for 2028/29."},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":1.85,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/xls/august_generator2026.xlsx","basis":"GW nameplate in Ohio (statewide stand-in for AEP Ohio) that EIA-860M lists as U, V or TS: solar 1.33, wind 0.30 (Firelands), batteries 0.22. Ohio added 1.24 GW in 2025 and 1.51 GW so far in 2026; all planned projects total 3.4 GW. State-level only: excludes PJM-wide resources serving the AEP zone.","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":17.9,"asof":"2026-02","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.aepohio.com/company/news/view?releaseID=10753","basis":"AEP Ohio's contracted data-center load as of 12 Feb 2026: 5,642 MW signed under the new tariff plus 12,219 MW signed before it, coming online through 2035. Before the tariff, requests totalled ~30 GW; 13.0 GW paid for studies. These are contracts, not requests.","type":"contracted"},"carbon":{"v":535.9,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (in-state generation).","scope":"state"},"clean_pct":20.0,"reliability":{"v":220.7,"unit":"SAIDI min/yr (Ohio Power Co / AEP Ohio; 2025, IEEE method, including major event days; EIA-861 early release)","note":"SAIDI excluding major events was 145.2 min, and PJM's 2028/29 capacity auction cleared 6,831 MW UCAP below its reliability requirement (14.4% reserve margin vs a 20% target).","asof":"2025","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861/zip/f8612025er.zip"},"water":{"v":"Low-medium","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Ohio (state-level score 1.56, 'Low - Medium (10-20%)')","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"PUCO's 9 Jul 2025 order approved AEP Ohio's data-center tariff for new loads over 25 MW and ended the moratorium in place since Mar 2023; terms are minimum bills of up to 85% of contracted capacity, a load ramp of up to 4 years followed by at least 8 more years, an exit fee of 3 years of minimum charges, and extra collateral for customers rated below A-/A3. FirstEnergy's Ohio utilities filed a similar data-center tariff in Jun 2026.","policy_src":["https://www.vorys.com/publication-public-utilities-commission-of-ohio-authorizes-tariff-for-aep-ohios-data-center-customers-requires-end-of-moratorium-on-new-services-for-data-centers","https://www.eei.org/-/media/Project/EEI/Documents/Issues%20and%20Policy/List%20of%20Large%20Customer%20Projects%20and%20Tariffs","https://www.aepohio.com/company/news/view?releaseID=10753","https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/markets-ops/rpm/rpm-auction-info/2028-2029/2028-2029-bra-results-report.pdf"],"frontier":false},{"id":"georgia","name":"Georgia","full":"Georgia (Georgia Power / Southern Company; Atlanta metro)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":24,"hi":48,"mid":36.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-05","basis":"Georgia Power's Q1 2026 Large Load report (filed 15 May 2026) lists initial in-service dates for pipeline projects in technical review, most in Q4 2027-Q2 2028; these are customer-requested dates, not firm ones. Signed Requests for Service list Q4 2027-Q2 2030. 8.5 GW of the 12.4 GW committed has broken ground and ten projects are online. Supply is backed by PSC approval for about 10 GW of new generation over six years. Derived range for a firm Oct 2026 request; there is no ISO queue or moratorium.","src":"https://services.psc.ga.gov/api/v1/External/Public/Get/Document/DownloadFile/226607/107887","snippet":"By the winter of 2028/2029, these customers will represent a load of 7,800 MW."},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":78.1,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_b","basis":"EIA average industrial retail price, GA, 2025 (7.81¢/kWh, preliminary); 2026 Jan–Jul: $79.9/MWh. All industrial customers; large loads on special contracts can differ.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":0.8,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/xls/august_generator2026.xlsx","basis":"GW nameplate in Georgia that EIA-860M lists as U, V or TS: the Plant Yates CTs (0.48 GW), 0.26 GW solar and 0.06 GW batteries. This understates the build-out. EIA lists 6.9 GW in all planned stages through 2030 (e.g., 0.97 GW more CTs at Yates, the 0.8 GW Smarr combined cycle, 2.1 GW Pepper Hammock solar), and the PSC has approved about 10 GW of new generation over six years (EEI, Sep 2026). Georgia added 0.65 GW…","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":73.1,"asof":"2026-03","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://services.psc.ga.gov/api/v1/External/Public/Get/Document/DownloadFile/226607/107887","basis":"Georgia Power's large-load economic-development pipeline through the mid-2030s as of 31 Mar 2026 (76.2 GW including all economic development). 23.6 GW of large load is targeted for the near term (winter 2028/29). Firm commitments are 12.4 GW across 31 customers, plus 3.2 GW signed in Apr 2026. Mostly data centers; the pipeline is prospects, not contracts.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":351.6,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (in-state generation).","scope":"state"},"clean_pct":47.6,"reliability":{"v":286.7,"unit":"SAIDI min/yr (Georgia Power; 2025, IEEE method, including major event days; EIA-861 early release)","note":"SAIDI excluding major events was 154.9 min; Georgia Power is a vertically integrated utility that plans its own reserves, with PSC approval for about 10 GW of new generation over six years to cover load growth.","asof":"2025","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861/zip/f8612025er.zip"},"water":{"v":"Medium-high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Georgia (state-level score 2.22, 'Medium - High (20-40%)')","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"A Georgia PSC rule (docket 44280) lets Georgia Power set minimum bills and longer contract terms for new customers of 100 MW or more, and requires line-extension contracts to run at least as long as the rate schedule, so large loads cover their costs if they leave early. The PSC also approved a Customer Identified Resource program, under which large customers pay for clean resources in exchange for RECs and credit for their energy value, alongside about 10 GW of new utility generation.","policy_src":["https://www.eei.org/-/media/Project/EEI/Documents/Issues%20and%20Policy/List%20of%20Large%20Customer%20Projects%20and%20Tariffs","https://services.psc.ga.gov/api/v1/External/Public/Get/Document/DownloadFile/226607/107887","https://www.utilitydive.com/news/georgia-power-large-load-data-centers/806300/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"tva","name":"Tennessee Valley","full":"Tennessee Valley (TVA; Memphis incl. xAI Colossus, Nashville)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":12,"hi":48,"mid":30.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-08","basis":"Every new load over 100 MW needs TVA board approval; the board handles these at its quarterly meetings, including on 20 Aug 2026. Prospective customers must show how they will get and pay for power, and a separate data-center rate starts 1 Oct 2026. Precedent: xAI's Memphis Colossus had 8 MW of grid power in late 2024 and ran on mobile gas generators until TVA approved 150 MW (Nov 2024), about 5 months after the Jun 2024 announcement, with a $24M xAI-funded substation. For new supply, TVA is building 4.12 GW, and a board member says gas plants take about 2.5 years. Evidence is thin; this range is an estimate.","src":"https://256today.com/new-tva-rate-structure-coming-for-data-centers-board-member-says/","snippet":"Any prospective customer requesting more than 100 megawatts of load requires approval from TVA's board"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":67.4,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_b","basis":"EIA average industrial retail price, TN, 2025 (6.74¢/kWh, preliminary); 2026 Jan–Jul: $68.2/MWh. All industrial customers; large loads on special contracts can differ.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":4.12,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/tva-board-protects-consumers-strengthens-reliability-amid-rising-power-demand-302856900.html","basis":"New TVA-owned capacity under construction (4,120 MW), with another 3,000 MW under evaluation, per TVA's 20 Aug 2026 board release. EIA-860M's TVA-area plant list includes Kingston, Cumberland and New Caledonia gas units but tags several as 'planned', so EIA shows only 1.39 GW as U, V or TS. The TVA area added 1.14 GW in 2025, and the 2026 IRP sees a need for 11-32 GW more capacity by 2040.","type":"under construction"},"queue":null,"carbon":{"v":363.5,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (in-state generation).","scope":"state"},"clean_pct":52.2,"reliability":{"v":348.7,"unit":"SAIDI min/yr (Memphis Light, Gas & Water; 2025, IEEE method, including major event days; EIA-861 early release)","note":"Excluding major events, SAIDI was 283.2 min for MLGW and 83 min for Nashville Electric Service; TVA imposed rolling blackouts during Winter Storm Elliott (Dec 2022).","asof":"2025","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861/zip/f8612025er.zip"},"water":{"v":"Low-medium","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Tennessee (state-level score 1.42, 'Low - Medium (10-20%)')","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"TVA's board must approve each load over 100 MW. On 20 Aug 2026 it created a separate data-center rate class effective 1 Oct 2026 (about 10% higher bills on average, phased in over three years) and signed the Ratepayer Protection Pledge; Memphis' xAI Colossus ran on on-site gas generators, drawing local opposition, before TVA supplied 150 MW.","policy_src":["https://256today.com/new-tva-rate-structure-coming-for-data-centers-board-member-says/","https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/tva-board-protects-consumers-strengthens-reliability-amid-rising-power-demand-302856900.html","https://www.bpr.org/climate-environment/2026-08-25/tva-welcomes-data-centers-but-at-a-price","https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/xai-colossus-memphis-power-tva/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"miso","name":"Iowa","full":"Iowa (MISO: MidAmerican, Alliant)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":27,"hi":51,"mid":39.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-07","basis":"Alliant Energy Q2 2026 slides (Jul 31, 2026): its signed Iowa loads ramp 2026-2031 (QTS Cedar Rapids 2026-29, Google Cedar Rapids 2026-28, QTS Clinton 2028-31, a new 370 MW deal fully ramped by end-2030). Its 2-4 GW of 'mature' new opportunities are not expected to ramp before 2029, so a firm request in Oct 2026 lands at about Jan 2029 to Dec 2030, or 27-51 months. Early-queue precedent: QTS Cedar Rapids was announced Feb 2025 with load from 2026 (about 18-24 months). New supply here is utility-built gas and wind (Alliant says it has secured turbines); behind-the-meter generation is not the common workaround. No Iowa moratorium found. MidAmerican's timing was not captured.","src":"https://www.investing.com/news/company-news/alliant-energy-q2-2026-slides-data-center-push-drives-growth-plan-93CH-4828855","snippet":"2 to 4 GW of mature opportunities with load ramp expected in 2029 or later"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":72.0,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_b","basis":"EIA average industrial retail price, IA, 2025 (7.2¢/kWh, preliminary); 2026 Jan–Jul: $73.8/MWh. All industrial customers; large loads on special contracts can differ.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":50,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.spp.org/documents/76798/2025_annual_state_of_the_market_report.pdf","basis":"MISO Minnesota Hub, 2025 average ON-PEAK day-ahead price in USD/MWh, from the SPP Market Monitoring Unit's cross-market table (Fig 4-7). Used as the Iowa proxy because no Iowa/LRZ-3 hub is published. For comparison, MISO's IMM (Potomac 2025 State of the Market) puts the MISO-wide all-hours day-ahead average at 'almost $43', with hubs ranging from $33 (Arkansas) to about $44 (Indiana)."},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":0.3,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/xls/august_generator2026.xlsx","basis":"GW of nameplate capacity under construction in Iowa, from EIA-860M (Aug 2026), counting statuses U, V and TS. All of it is solar (302 MW). Alliant's 720 MW Morgan Valley gas plant, its ~1,200 MW Riverhawk gas plant and its 277 MW Columbia Wind project are still under regulatory review, with decisions due Q1-Q2 2027, so they are not counted.","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":3.4,"asof":"2026-07","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.investing.com/news/company-news/alliant-energy-q2-2026-slides-data-center-push-drives-growth-plan-93CH-4828855","basis":"Alliant Energy's signed electric service agreements: 3.4 GW of contracted data-center demand across Iowa and Wisconsin (includes Meta Beaver Dam, WI). On top of that it reports 2-4 GW of mature opportunities ramping in 2029 or later, plus more than 4 GW at earlier stages. MidAmerican's pipeline is not included.","type":"contracted"},"carbon":{"v":312.8,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (in-state generation).","scope":"state"},"clean_pct":62.8,"reliability":{"note":"MISO-wide, not Iowa-specific: shortage-pricing intervals doubled to 70 in 2025, driven by evening shortages as solar grew, and the capacity component of the all-in price rose 462% under the new sloped demand curve.","asof":"2025","src":"https://www.potomaceconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/2025-State-of-the-Market-Report.pdf"},"water":{"v":"Low-medium","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Iowa, state level (10-20%)","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"No Iowa moratorium was found. Utilities contract hyperscale loads one at a time through ESAs and individual customer rates: Alliant has 3.4 GW contracted, has secured turbines, and has 720 MW Morgan Valley, ~1,200 MW Riverhawk and 277 MW Columbia Wind before Iowa regulators with decisions in 2027. MidAmerican's large-load terms were not captured.","policy_src":["https://www.investing.com/news/company-news/alliant-energy-q2-2026-slides-data-center-push-drives-growth-plan-93CH-4828855","https://www.alliantenergy.com/news/news-center/2025/02/021225-qtsannouncementcr"],"frontier":false},{"id":"spp","name":"Oklahoma","full":"Oklahoma (SPP: OG&E, PSO)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":18,"hi":72,"mid":45.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-06","basis":"Upper bound: SPP told FERC that network upgrades for new load 'often require six years or more' (FERC order accepting CHILLS, Jun 5, 2026), so about 72 months for firm service that needs upgrades. Faster paths exist. HILL large-load studies take about 90 days (FERC-approved Jan 2026). CHILLS is an as-available, curtailable service with 1-7 year terms that lets a load energize before its upgrades are done (effective Jul 1, 2026). HILLGA covers load paired with new generation. The 18-month lower bound is an estimate for a site with headroom or self-supplied generation; for example, Google's Stillwater and Muskogee data centers are backed by Google-supplied solar now under construction. PSO…","src":"https://spp.org/documents/76880/20260605_order%20-%20revisions%20to%20add%20the%20conditional%20high%20impact%20large%20load%20service_er26-1323.pdf","snippet":"completing network upgrades often requires six years or more"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":61.5,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_b","basis":"EIA average industrial retail price, OK, 2025 (6.15¢/kWh, preliminary); 2026 Jan–Jul: $66.9/MWh. All industrial customers; large loads on special contracts can differ.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":38,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.spp.org/documents/76798/2025_annual_state_of_the_market_report.pdf","basis":"SPP South Hub, 2025 average ON-PEAK day-ahead price in USD/MWh (SPP MMU 2025 Annual State of the Market, Fig 4-7). This is down from $40 in 2024; the North-South hub spread was about $9/MWh."},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":2.67,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/xls/august_generator2026.xlsx","basis":"GW of nameplate capacity under construction in Oklahoma, from EIA-860M (Aug 2026), counting statuses U, V and TS: 1.46 GW gas combustion turbines, 1.01 GW solar and 0.20 GW batteries. Another 2.95 GW is permitted or planned but not yet under construction.","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":0.78,"asof":"2025-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.readfrontier.org/stories/oklahomas-data-center-boom-is-about-to-hit-the-grid-and-your-power-bill/","basis":"PSO only: 11 new large-load customers under letters of agreement or contracts, totaling about 779 MW (Sep 2025). One further entity requires more than 1,000 MW; it is unclear whether that is included. OG&E's figure was not captured. At least 18 data-center projects statewide were under construction or awaiting approval.","type":"contracted"},"carbon":{"v":343.1,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (in-state generation).","scope":"state"},"clean_pct":45.1,"reliability":{"note":"Without new resources, PSO projects a 3,124 MW (31%) capacity deficit by 2031 and OG&E a 3,459 MW shortfall by 2035, per their resource plans as reported Dec 2025.","asof":"2025-12","src":"https://www.readfrontier.org/stories/oklahomas-data-center-boom-is-about-to-hit-the-grid-and-your-power-bill/"},"water":{"v":"Low-medium","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Oklahoma, state level (10-20%)","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"SPP's HILL large-load process was FERC-approved on Jan 14, 2026, and its conditional, curtailable CHILLS transmission service took effect Jul 1, 2026. OG&E filed a large-load tariff with the Oklahoma Corporation Commission on Jun 18, 2026, implementing a 2026 state data-center law: it applies to loads of 75 MW or more, requires a 15-year term with up to a 5-year ramp, and adds collateral and early-termination fees; review is expected to take about 6 months.","policy_src":["https://spp.org/documents/75725/20260114_order%20-%20revisions%20to%20add%20the%20high%20impact%20large%20load%20processes%20and%20generation%20assessment_er26-247-000.pdf","https://spp.org/documents/76880/20260605_order%20-%20revisions%20to%20add%20the%20conditional%20high%20impact%20large%20load%20service_er26-1323.pdf","https://www.oge.com/web/portal/-/205-press-release","https://okenergytoday.com/2026/06/oge-filing-puts-boles-authored-data-center-law-into-action/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"arizona","name":"Arizona","full":"Arizona (APS, SRP; Phoenix metro)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":84,"mid":60.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-09","basis":"APS has made no new data-center commitments since Jan 1, 2024, about 33 months so far. In Sep 2026 it said it cannot commit to new data centers because it could not serve them at night, when solar is unavailable and batteries may be depleted. Its roughly 4 GW of existing commitments depend on a new 1,280 MW gas plant near Gila Bend and converting Cholla to gas. SRP serves 59 large-load customers totaling about 7 GW. A new firm request therefore waits for new generation. Bring-your-own-power (on-site gas) is the workaround discussed at the ACC's Apr 2026 large-load workshop. The range is an estimate: 36 months with self-supplied generation, up to 84 months for utility service once new…","src":"https://www.kjzz.org/business/2026-09-02/aps-says-it-cant-commit-to-new-data-centers-because-of-electric-grid-constraints","snippet":"APS says it hasn't committed to any new data centers since January 1st, 2024"},"gate":{"status":"paused","note":"APS has made no new data-center commitments since Jan 2024 and said in Sep 2026 it can't commit to new ones (SRP's position not found).","src":"https://www.kjzz.org/business/2026-09-02/aps-says-it-cant-commit-to-new-data-centers-because-of-electric-grid-constraints"},"price":{"v":81.0,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_b","basis":"EIA average industrial retail price, AZ, 2025 (8.1¢/kWh, preliminary); 2026 Jan–Jul: $76.6/MWh. All industrial customers; large loads on special contracts can differ.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":34.6,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/wholesale/xls/archive/ice_electric-2025final.xlsx","basis":"Palo Verde ON-PEAK next-day bilateral index (ICE, via EIA's 2025 final wholesale file), averaged over 2025 deliveries and weighted by delivery days. The simple average of 229 trade days is $35.2. On-peak only, so comparable with the other US hubs in this set."},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":6.62,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/xls/august_generator2026.xlsx","basis":"GW of nameplate capacity under construction in Arizona, from EIA-860M (Aug 2026), counting statuses U, V and TS: 3.62 GW batteries, 2.31 GW solar and 0.69 GW gas combustion turbines. Another 8.8 GW is permitted or planned.","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":4.0,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.kjzz.org/business/2026-09-02/aps-says-it-cant-commit-to-new-data-centers-because-of-electric-grid-constraints","basis":"APS's committed data-center allocation of about 4,000 MW, which is contracted. Not added in: SRP's 59 large-load customers totaling about 7,000 MW (ACC workshop, Apr 2026), and TEP/UNSE's 286 MW under contract plus about 800 MW prospective and 8-10 GW of speculative projects.","type":"contracted"},"carbon":{"v":311.4,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (in-state generation).","scope":"state"},"clean_pct":49.8,"reliability":{"note":"APS says it could not reliably serve added round-the-clock data-center load overnight, when solar is off and storage may be depleted; this is the stated reason it has frozen new commitments.","asof":"2026-09","src":"https://www.kjzz.org/business/2026-09-02/aps-says-it-cant-commit-to-new-data-centers-because-of-electric-grid-constraints"},"water":{"v":"Extremely high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Arizona, state level (>80%)","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"APS has made no new data-center commitments since Jan 1, 2024, and in its pending rate case it proposes a roughly 45% rate increase for data centers; Microsoft has intervened. The ACC's Apr 2026 large-load workshop discussed 'bring your own power' policies and standard contracts with up-front financial support. No statewide moratorium was found.","policy_src":["https://www.kjzz.org/business/2026-09-02/aps-says-it-cant-commit-to-new-data-centers-because-of-electric-grid-constraints","https://www.azcc.gov/news/home/2026/04/20/acc-large-load-data-center-workshop-highlights"],"frontier":false},{"id":"pnw","name":"Pacific NW","full":"Pacific Northwest (OR/WA; PGE, PacifiCorp, Grant/Douglas PUDs, BPA)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":30,"hi":72,"mid":51.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-08","basis":"Grant PUD (Quincy) still has 692 MW queued after its Feb 2026 queue cleansing. What new applicants can get depends on the Quincy Transmission Expansion Plan, due for completion in 2029, which is 27-39 months from Oct 2026 before any new service. In PGE's Hillsboro territory the grid is 'close to its operating limits'. PGE targets 400 MW of added data-center load by 2029; flexibility deals (GridCARE, on-site batteries) freed about 80 MW sooner. Hillsboro also adopted a 120-day land-use moratorium on new data-center applications on Jul 27, 2026, extendable by 120 days. BPA transmission builds and a projected 9 GW regional energy gap by 2030 (E3) set the upper bound of about 6 years, which is…","src":"https://www.publicpower.org/periodical/article/grant-pud-queue-cleansing-effort-reduces-amount-requested-power-customers","snippet":"known collectively as the 'Quincy Transmission Expansion Plan (QTEP),' are complete in 2029"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":82.8,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_b","basis":"EIA average industrial retail price, OR, 2025 (8.28¢/kWh, preliminary); 2026 Jan–Jul: $83.3/MWh. All industrial customers; large loads on special contracts can differ.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":45.1,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/wholesale/xls/archive/ice_electric-2025final.xlsx","basis":"Mid-C ON-PEAK next-day bilateral index (ICE, via EIA's 2025 final wholesale file), averaged over 2025 deliveries and weighted by delivery days. The simple average of 229 trade days is $46.2. EIA notes Mid-C had the largest year-on-year decrease of any hub in 2025, at -$14/MWh."},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":0.83,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/xls/august_generator2026.xlsx","basis":"GW of nameplate capacity under construction, from EIA-860M (Aug 2026), counting statuses U, V and TS: Oregon 0.47 GW plus Washington 0.36 GW, almost entirely solar and batteries. Another 10.5 GW across OR and WA is permitted or planned, including 6.5 GW in Oregon with regulatory approvals pending.","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":2.4,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/08/07/portland-general-electric-por-q2-2026-earnings-call-transcript/","basis":"Sum of two measures: PGE's 1.7 GW of additional load in its pipeline that is not in guidance (Q2 2026 call), plus Grant PUD's 0.69 GW large-load queue after cleansing (Feb 2026). PacifiCorp, BPA and Douglas County PUD are not included.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":199.6,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (in-state generation).","scope":"state"},"clean_pct":66.2,"reliability":{"note":"E3 projects a 9 GW energy gap in the six-state Northwest by 2030 with modest data-center growth, rising to as much as 18 GW by 2035. Sylvan's estimate is 1-6 GW.","asof":"2026-04","src":"https://www.klcc.org/environment/2026-04-28/data-center-uncertainty-is-making-power-grid-planning-difficult-experts-say"},"water":{"v":"Low-medium","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Oregon and Washington, both Low-medium (10-20%) at state level. Columbia Basin sub-basins (Quincy, The Dalles) were not checked separately.","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"Oregon's POWER Act (HB 3546, 2025) creates a separate rate class for data centers of 20 MW or more, with long-term contracts and exit fees; PGE's implementation raises data-center rates about 29-30% while trimming other classes. Hillsboro's 120-day land-use moratorium on new data-center and BESS applications (Jul 27, 2026, extendable) and Grant PUD's cleansed queue waiting on QTEP (2029) are the main local gates.","policy_src":["https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/portland-general-electric-moves-to-implement-oregons-new-data-center-rate-class/","https://www.opb.org/article/2026/07/27/hillsboro-approves-data-center-moratorium/","https://www.publicpower.org/periodical/article/grant-pud-queue-cleansing-effort-reduces-amount-requested-power-customers","https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/data-centers/oregon-utility-tries-out-a-faster-cheaper-way-to-power-data-centers"],"frontier":false},{"id":"quebec","name":"Québec","full":"Québec (Hydro-Québec)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":108,"mid":72.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-05","basis":"Every new load of 5 MW or more needs ministerial authorization under Bill 69 (June 2025), with no published processing timeline; the possible outcomes are refusal, postponement or preliminary approval. As of Mar 31, 2026 only about 1,500 MW had been authorized, across 30 industrial projects (some since cancelled), plus about 800 MW for 55 public-interest projects. Hydro-Québec forecasts total data-center demand growing only from about 0.2 GW today to about 1 GW by 2035, which implies blocks for data centers are rationed through 2035. The range is an estimate: 36 months if a block is authorized soon (authorization, then connection and build), up to 108 months (2035). Outright refusal is…","src":"https://www.blg.com/en/insights/2026/07/data-centre-regulation-in-quebec-from-honeyed-promise-to-iron-control","snippet":"Ministerial authorization for projects consuming 5 megawatts (MW) or more"},"gate":{"status":"restricted","note":"Every new load of 5 MW or more needs ministerial authorization (Bill 69), with no published timeline.","src":"https://www.blg.com/en/insights/2026/07/data-centre-regulation-in-quebec-from-honeyed-promise-to-iron-control"},"price":{"v":43.7,"asof":"2026-04","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.hydroquebec.com/data/documents-donnees/pdf/electricity-rates.pdf","basis":"Rate L (industrial, 5 MW or more), rates effective Apr 1, 2026: $15.027/kW-month plus 3.821¢/kWh (CAD). For 100 MW at 90% load factor, 65.7 GWh/month: energy $2,510,397 + demand $1,502,700 = $4,013,097, or CAD 61.08/MWh. Divided by 1.3978 CAD/USD (Bank of Canada 2025 annual average, FXAUSDCAD), that is US$43.70/MWh. This is before the high-voltage supply credit and transformation-loss adjustment, and excludes taxes. Data centers are not Rate L-eligible: today they pay Rate LG ($16.571/kW + 4.324¢/kWh, about…","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":null,"supply":null,"queue":{"v":2.3,"asof":"2026-03","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.quebec.ca/agriculture-environnement-et-ressources-naturelles/energie/production-approvisionnement-distribution/autorisation-projet-electrique","basis":"Large-load blocks authorized by the Québec government as of Mar 31, 2026: about 1,500 MW for 30 industrial projects (some cancelled) plus about 800 MW for 55 public-interest projects of 5 MW or more. This is an authorized (contracted) pipeline, not requests. For data centers specifically, Hydro-Québec forecasts about 1 GW of demand by 2035, up from about 0.2 GW today.","type":"allocated"},"carbon":{"v":34.5,"asof":"2025","src":"https://www.hydroquebec.com/sustainable-development/specialized-documentation/ghg-emissions.html","basis":"Hydro-Québec's LIFE-CYCLE emission factor (ISO 14040/14044/14067) for electricity it generates, transmits and distributes. This is NOT comparable with Alberta's combustion-only NIR figure. The NIR-basis Québec grid intensity was not retrieved; the factor's year is not stated on the page, which…","scope":"sub-national"},"reliability":null,"water":{"v":"Low","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Québec, province level (<10%)","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"Every load of 5 MW or more needs ministerial authorization (MEIE, Bill 69 of June 2025), assessed on grid impact, economic benefits, GHG, social acceptance and project maturity. On Feb 19, 2026 Hydro-Québec asked the Régie to approve a new CD rate for data centers of 5 MW or more, averaging about 13¢/kWh (about twice Rate L), to take effect Nov 1, 2026, with a 5-year transition for existing sites; the hearing is in fall 2026, with a decision expected around end-2026 or early 2027.","policy_src":["https://www.quebec.ca/agriculture-environnement-et-ressources-naturelles/energie/production-approvisionnement-distribution/autorisation-projet-electrique","https://news.hydroquebec.com/news/press-releases/all-quebec/hydro-quebec-proposing-regie-energie-new-rate-large-data-centres-adjustment-rate-cryptographic-use-applied-blockchains.html","https://www.blg.com/en/insights/2026/07/data-centre-regulation-in-quebec-from-honeyed-promise-to-iron-control"],"frontier":false},{"id":"alberta","name":"Alberta","full":"Alberta (AESO; Calgary/Edmonton)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":24,"hi":60,"mid":42.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-06","basis":"AESO's 1,200 MW interim large-load limit (June 2025) is fully allocated, to P2936 GLDC (970 MW) and P3083 Keephills (230 MW). That came out of 4,800 MW that qualified, with more than 20 GW of data-center load on the project list. Phase II, the long-term framework including a bring-your-own-generation (BYOG) process, has no published connection date. So a new grid-served 100 MW+ load waits for Phase II and for new supply; net installed capacity grew only 0.12 GW in 2025. Off-grid or self-generation (e.g., Wonder Valley) is the main workaround, and it also avoids the new hardware levy. The range is an estimate: 24 months (BYOG or off-grid gas) to 60 months (grid service after Phase II).","src":"https://www.aeso.ca/grid/connecting-to-the-grid/large-load-projects/","snippet":"All 1,200 MW of the interim connection limit was successfully allocated"},"gate":{"status":"paused","note":"AESO's 1,200 MW interim large-load limit is fully allocated, and the long-term framework has no connection date.","src":"https://www.aeso.ca/grid/connecting-to-the-grid/large-load-projects/"},"price":{"v":52.88,"asof":"2026-01","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.aeso.ca/assets/documents/Rate-DTS-effective-2026-01-01.pdf","basis":"Energy plus transmission for a 100 MW transmission-connected load (one substation) at 90% load factor, 65,700 MWh/month, in CAD. Energy is the 2025 average pool price, $43.68/MWh. Transmission is AESO Rate DTS effective Jan 1, 2026. Bulk: coincident demand 100 MW x $10,927 = $1,092,700, plus energy $1.23/MWh. Regional: billing capacity 100 MW x $2,987 = $298,700, plus $0.93/MWh. Point of delivery: $15,562 + 7.5x$5,122 + 9.5x$3,037 + 23x$2,033 + 60x$1,252 = $204,708. Other system support: $5,000. Operating reserve…","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":31.25,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.aeso.ca/assets/Annual-Market-Stats-2025.pdf","basis":"AESO 2025 average pool price of CAD 43.68/MWh (the lowest in eight years, down 30%), divided by 1.3978 CAD/USD (Bank of Canada 2025 annual average)"},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":0.12,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.aeso.ca/assets/Annual-Market-Stats-2025.pdf","basis":"Net installed capacity added in 2025: total went from 23,122 MW to 23,242 MW (gas +46 MW, solar +38 MW, wind -4 MW), per AESO 2025 Annual Market Statistics. GW under construction was not captured.","type":"added in 2025"},"queue":{"v":20,"asof":"2025-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.aeso.ca/assets/Uploads/grid/Data-Centre/AESO-Data-Centre-Update-September-2025.pdf","basis":"Data-center load on AESO's connection project list (requests), as of Sep 2025. Of this, 4,800 MW qualified for the Phase I interim allocation and 1,200 MW was assigned. No newer total was found.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":335,"asof":"2024","src":"https://www.alberta.ca/albertas-greenhouse-gas-emissions-reduction-performance","basis":"Alberta grid emissions intensity in g CO2e per kWh generated in 2024, from ECCC's 2026 National Inventory Report (1990-2024) as cited by the Government of Alberta (page dated Sep 10, 2026)","scope":"sub-national"},"reliability":{"v":1960,"unit":"MW average supply cushion (2025)","note":"The average supply cushion rose 9.3% to 1,960 MW in 2025 as efficient new gas ran for a full year, even as the winter peak hit a record 12,785 MW.","asof":"2025","src":"https://www.aeso.ca/assets/Annual-Market-Stats-2025.pdf"},"water":{"v":"Medium-high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Alberta, province level (20-40%)","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"AESO's 1,200 MW interim large-load limit (June 2025) is fully allocated; Phase II, the long-term framework including bring-your-own-generation, is under way, backed by the Utilities Statutes Amendment Act, 2025 (Bill 8). From Dec 31, 2026, a 2% levy on computer hardware applies to grid-connected data centers of 75 MW or more (1% if they self-generate, 0% off-grid).","policy_src":["https://www.aeso.ca/grid/connecting-to-the-grid/large-load-projects/","https://www.aeso.ca/assets/Uploads/grid/Data-Centre/AESO-Data-Centre-Update-September-2025.pdf","https://www.blg.com/en/insights/2026/07/data-centre-regulation-in-alberta"],"frontier":false},{"id":"mexico","name":"Mexico","full":"Mexico (Querétaro data-center cluster; CFE/CENACE)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":24,"hi":48,"mid":36.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-09","basis":"Querétaro data centers have waited up to 2 years just to connect (Xataka, 9 Sep 2026). CloudHQ says grid infrastructure can add about 3 years (DCD, 24 Sep 2026). Querétaro officials expect enough transmission 'probably by 2027' after CFE's 800 MW El Sauz II CCGT (Dec 2025). 100 MW+ loads generally need developer-built 230/400 kV substations; CloudHQ is building its own 900 MW, 400 kV substation, and a planned build-out has five 230 kV substations plus an 80+ km line. The CFE-MEXDC route for 1,705 MW has no published dates. Range: existing or near-term capacity (~24 mo) to a new 400 kV substation plus CENACE studies (~48 mo). On-site gas generation is discussed as a workaround (NGI, not…","src":"https://www.xataka.com.mx/robotica-e-ia/hay-centros-datos-queretaro-que-llevan-dos-anos-esperando-algo-basico-poder-conectarse-a-red-electrica","snippet":"llevan hasta dos años esperando algo bastante menos sofisticado: poder conectarse a la red eléctrica"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":null,"wholesale":{"v":45.8,"asof":"2025-10","conf":"derived","src":"https://elceo.com/negocios/precio-de-la-electricidad-en-mexico-el-contraste-entre-entidades-y-los-retos-de-transmision/","basis":"SIN day-ahead (MDA) average PML for Jan-Oct 2025 = 880 MXN/MWh (El CEO, Nov 2025, CENACE data). Converted at the 2025 average of 19.22 MXN/USD (ECB reference rates via Frankfurter). Partial year: Nov-Dec 2025 are not included. Oct 2025 SIN PML was 625 MXN/MWh, with nodal spread from 172 (Chihuahua) to 2,219 (Quintana Roo) MXN/MWh."},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":2.2,"asof":"2026-03","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.cronica.com.mx/nacional/2026/03/23/cfe-fortalece-la-generacion-electrica-y-avanza-en-la-transicion-energetica-de-mexico/","basis":"CFE generation projects under construction: 4 projects totalling more than 2.2 GW (new Puerto Peñasco solar phase plus plants in Durango, Sonora and Hidalgo). Excludes 5 CFE plants in testing for 2026 entry (Mérida, Valladolid, Mexicali, Manzanillo, Tuxpan) and all private projects. For context, CFE added 1.68 GW of CCGT in 2025 (Salamanca, Villa de Reyes, Querétaro) and plans more than 10.4 GW by 2030.","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":1.705,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/es/noticias/cfe-prepara-infraestructura-para-1705-mw-de-nuevos-data-centers/","basis":"Data-center power requirements (projects at various stages) that CFE and the Mexican Data Center Association (MEXDC) agreed to serve through a work route in three unnamed 'Polos de Desarrollo'. For context, Mexico has 279 MW of data-center capacity installed and 205 MW under construction. Querétaro holds about 72% of installed capacity, and its governor has cited a need for about 900 MW more.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":474.0,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":25.9,"reliability":{"v":15.4,"unit":"SAIDI min/yr (CFE-attributable causes only)","note":"Interruption time per CFE customer rose 42% in 2025 from 10.8 min in 2024 (SIE data via El Financiero); in Querétaro the binding constraint is transmission capacity rather than outages.","asof":"2025","src":"https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/2026/02/13/apagones-en-mexico-duraron-42-mas-tiempo-al-cierre-de-2025/"},"water":{"v":"Extremely high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Querétaro state (score 4.40 of 5; >80%)","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"There is no moratorium, but Querétaro is short of transmission capacity. In Sep 2026 CFE and MEXDC agreed a work route to serve 1,705 MW of data-center load in three 'Polos de Desarrollo', and developers are building their own HV substations (CloudHQ: 900 MW at 400 kV). SENER has tendered 5,970 MW of new, mostly solar/wind-plus-storage capacity (about US$7.1bn) under mixed public-private schemes.","policy_src":["https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/es/noticias/cfe-prepara-infraestructura-para-1705-mw-de-nuevos-data-centers/","https://energymagazine.mx/2025/11/ia-vs-la-red-el-mega-boom-de-data-centers-en-queretaro-exige-900-mw-y-acelera-la-carrera-por-nueva-energia/","https://www.xataka.com.mx/robotica-e-ia/hay-centros-datos-queretaro-que-llevan-dos-anos-esperando-algo-basico-poder-conectarse-a-red-electrica"],"frontier":false},{"id":"brazil","name":"Brazil","full":"Brazil (São Paulo; also Ceará/Pecém and Rio Grande do Sul AI campuses; ONS/ANEEL)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":60,"mid":48.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-06","basis":"Grid-capacity data cited by DCD Brasil (22 Jun 2026): Greater São Paulo has no connection availability until 2030, areas near Pecém port (CE) have zero capacity until 2031, some regions can connect only after 2030, and waits run up to 5 years. ONS denied 25 data-center connection requests in 2024 and had 38 DC requests under analysis. MME plans works adding about 8 GW of connection margin, mainly around São Paulo and Campinas. ANEEL REN 1.122/2025 (in force Jan 2026) adds guarantee-based priority on new margin. From Oct 2026, energization in 2030-31 means about 39-60 months; 36 months is the lower bound for sites with existing margin.","src":"https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/br/not%C3%ADcias/alta-demanda-por-conex%C3%A3o-no-grid-tem-espera-de-at%C3%A9-5-anos/","snippet":"a conexão só deve ocorrer após 2030"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":70.6,"asof":"2026-07","conf":"derived","src":"https://abraceel.com.br/destaques/2026/04/preco-da-energia-no-mercado-livre-dispara-em-dois-anos/","basis":"Free-market (ACL) customer at A2 (88-138 kV) in the Enel SP area, 100 MW at 90% load factor. Energy: long-term conventional ACL price of R$233/MWh (Abraceel, 2026). Network: Enel SP A2 Azul TUSD (REH 3.596/2026, in force from 4 Jul 2026, https://www.enel.com.br/content/dam/enel-br/megamenu/para-voc%C3%AA/REH%203596.2026%20Enel%20SP.pdf). Demand charge is (15.84 peak + 9.89 off-peak) R$/kW-month x 100,000 kW = R$2.573M/month; divided by 65,700 MWh/month that is R$39.2/MWh. Adding the TUSD energy charge of…","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":{"v":44.8,"asof":"2026-04","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://abraceel.com.br/destaques/2026/04/preco-da-energia-no-mercado-livre-dispara-em-dois-anos/","basis":"Long-term conventional-energy contract price in the free market (ACL) of R$233/MWh (Abraceel study, Apr 2026), converted at 5.2027 BRL/USD (ECB, 30 Sep 2026). It is technology-agnostic and not a new-build tender price. Short-term (quarterly) contracts were R$317/MWh, and the 2026 average PLD was R$236/MWh, versus R$129 in 2024."},"supply":{"v":6.5,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.gov.br/aneel/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2025/expansao-da-matriz-eletrica-em-2025-ultrapassa-6-5-gw","basis":"GW of centralized generation added in 2025 according to ANEEL: at least 6.5 GW, excluding distributed generation. ANEEL forecasts 9.1 GW of additions in 2026.","type":"added in 2025"},"queue":{"v":7.04,"asof":"2026-02","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://diariodocomercio.com.br/economia/ons-aceita-pedidos-conexao-data-centers-rede-eletrica/","basis":"Data-center grid-access requests accepted by ONS: 38 projects totalling about 7.04 GW, of which 20 in São Paulo state total 3.9 GW; they still need EPE evaluation. The wider queue of data-center plus hydrogen connection requests totals 54.2 GW (XP Radar Energia, Dec 2025). ANEEL projects large-load connection demand rising from 610 MW in 2025 to 18.3 GW in 2030.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":109.9,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":88.7,"reliability":{"v":9.3,"unit":"DEC hours/yr (national average, distribution)","note":"ANEEL: consumers averaged 9.3 h (9h18) without power in 2025, down 9.2% from 2024.","asof":"2025","src":"https://eixos.com.br/energia-eletrica/consumidores-ficaram-93-horas-em-media-sem-energia-em-2025-diz-aneel-reducao-e-de-92-porcento/"},"water":{"v":"Low-medium","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for São Paulo state (score 1.14; 10-20%). Ceará (1.99) and Rio Grande do Sul (1.45) are also Low-medium.","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"REDATA (signed into law 15 Sep 2026, from PL 278/2026) suspends federal taxes on data-center equipment for 5 years. The conditions are: all contracted power clean or renewable (supply contracts or self-production), cooling water use of 0.05 L/kWh or less, at least 10% of capacity serving the domestic market, and investment of 2% of equipment value in Brazil. ANEEL REN 1.122/2025 (in force Jan 2026) makes large loads post grid-access guarantees (3 months of transmission-use charges at the access opinion, 3 years at contracting), and guarantee-holders get priority on new transmission margin.","policy_src":["https://www.gov.br/fazenda/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2026/setembro/regime-especial-de-tributacao-para-servicos-de-datacenter-e-sancionado","https://cmalaw.com/conteudos/aneel-publica-novas-regras-para-o-acesso-de-grandes-cargas-a-rede-basica/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"chile","name":"Chile","full":"Chile (Santiago; SEN; northern solar surplus)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":24,"hi":60,"mid":42.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-09","basis":"Coordinador Eléctrico Nacional (Jan 2025) typical transmission build times: 24 months for a transformer capacity increase, 42 months for a new substation, 42-78 months for a new line. For Ascenty's Data Center Chile 2 transformer, the formal expansion-planning path gives end-2030 (2025 + 3 + 2 years), against about 18 months as an Art. 102 'urgent work'. RTB Energy's 500 MW SC2 campus at Polpaico 500 kV (Tiltil, Santiago Metropolitan Region) requests energization in Sep 2030, about 47 months from Oct 2026. Only about 407 MW of data centers connected in the whole country from 2020 to May 2026. Range: urgent-work or transformer path (~24 mo) to formal planning or a new substation/line (~60…","src":"https://www.coordinador.cl/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Minuta_Solicitud_Nuevo_Transformador_para_Data_Center_Chile.pdf","snippet":"considerando el proceso de planificación formal es para fines del año 2030"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":99.8,"asof":"2026-07","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.cne.cl/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/RMensual_v202608.pdf","basis":"CNE Precio Medio de Mercado (PMM) for the SEN, July 2026. It is the energy-weighted average of free-client (clientes libres) and long-term regulated contract prices, and is down 5.1% year on year. It covers the contract price only and EXCLUDES transmission and other system charges, so it is a lower bound on a free client's all-in cost. The CNE report converts at 930.97 CLP/USD (Jul 2026 average). No sourced transmission-charge figure was added.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":{"v":64.5,"asof":"2025-12","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.pv-magazine-latam.com/2025/12/12/chile-adjudica-licitacion-electrica-con-enel-generacion-chile-como-unico-ganador/","basis":"Regulated-supply auction 2025/01 (CNE, awarded 12 Dec 2025): 3,360 GWh/yr for 4 years from 2027, one price for all zonal and hourly blocks. The sole winner was Enel Generación Chile with a portfolio offer; technology not specified. For comparison, contracts in force for 2026 average 92.3 US$/MWh."},"supply":{"v":4.28,"asof":"2026-07","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.cne.cl/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/RMensual_v202608.pdf","basis":"Generation declared under construction in the SEN (CNE Res. Ex. 394/2026, 31 Jul 2026): 190 projects totalling 4,279 MW, including 3,417 MW solar PV, 379 MW wind and 257 MW diesel. Not included: 69 battery-storage (BESS) projects with 4,972 MW of net power, also under construction. Installed SEN capacity is 38.2 GW, and peak demand was 13,990 MW (Jul 2026).","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":2.0,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/es/noticias/chile-busca-conexi%C3%B3n-para-1-gw-de-nuevos-data-centers/","basis":"Data-center capacity seeking grid connection in Chile, about 2 GW. This includes two new 500 MW requests at an early stage; a request is not an approval. Sep 2026 filings add further 500 MW-class requests (RTB SC2 at Polpaico; also Grenerg, Ignis and Lader) that may overlap with the 2 GW. For scale, about 407 MW of data centers connected from 2020 to May 2026.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":290.6,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":66.4,"reliability":{"unit":"SAIDI hours/yr","note":"System-wide 'mega apagón' on 25 Feb 2025, for which SEC charged the Coordinador's board and eight companies; SEC publishes 2025 SAIDI only as charts, so no value was extracted.","asof":"2025","src":"https://www.sec.cl/sec-formula-cargos-al-consejo-directivo-del-coordinador-y-a-ocho-electricas-por-mega-apagon-del-25-de-febrero/?view_full_site=true"},"water":{"v":"Extremely high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Región Metropolitana de Santiago (score 5.0 of 5; >80%)","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"There is no moratorium. Large loads file a connection request (SAC) with the Coordinador, and the transmission upgrades they need go either through annual expansion planning (about 5 years to service) or, if the Coordinador accepts the urgency case, as Art. 102 'urgent works' (about 18 months). Grid capacity to connect large new loads is the main bottleneck, and 500 MW-class campuses are clustering at the Polpaico 500 kV node north of Santiago.","policy_src":["https://www.coordinador.cl/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Minuta_Solicitud_Nuevo_Transformador_para_Data_Center_Chile.pdf","https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/es/noticias/chile-busca-conexi%C3%B3n-para-1-gw-de-nuevos-data-centers/","https://www.transmedia.cl/blog/2026/09/27/coordinador-electrico-nacional-de-chile-recibe-multiples-solicitudes-de-construccion-de-datacenters-orientados-a-ia/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"paraguay","name":"Paraguay","full":"Paraguay (ANDE; Itaipu and Yacyretá hydro)","region":"Americas","ttp":{"lo":18,"hi":48,"mid":33.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-09","basis":"No tariff exists for new electro-intensive loads other than crypto mining. ANDE's planning director says no new prices will be set until the Itaipú Annex C talks conclude, which have run for more than 2 years. Existing crypto and data-center contracts (1,300 MW) expire 31 Dec 2027, which ANDE calls non-extendable, and 6,300 MW of requests are pending. ANDE engineers propose a 700 MW cap, allocated by an ascending auction awarded in mid-2027, with new rules from 1 Jan 2028 (15 months away). On build speed, HIVE claims it can build out to 1,000 MW in 18 months, and its Yguazú site (existing supply contract) was energized around Mar 2025. An analyst warns of energy shortfall from Q1 2028;…","src":"https://www.rdn.com.py/2026/09/25/gobierno-ofrece-energia-para-inteligencia-artificial-sin-definir-tarifa","snippet":"no se establecerán nuevos precios hasta que concluya la negociación del Anexo C de Itaipú"},"gate":{"status":"paused","note":"ANDE won't set prices for new electro-intensive loads until the Itaipú Annex C talks end; existing crypto contracts expire Dec 31, 2027.","src":"https://www.rdn.com.py/2026/09/25/gobierno-ofrece-energia-para-inteligencia-artificial-sin-definir-tarifa"},"price":{"v":44.3,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.rdn.com.py/2026/09/25/gobierno-ofrece-energia-para-inteligencia-artificial-sin-definir-tarifa","basis":"ANDE electro-intensive (crypto-mining) tariff at 220 kV: 40-52 US$/MWh, institutional average 44.3 US$/MWh; VAT treatment not stated. It is the only defined large-load tariff and applies to contracts that expire 31 Dec 2027. No tariff has yet been set for AI/data centers: Imperium's offer of 70 US$/MWh is pending, and an analyst says the Decree 7551/2017 method implies about 80 US$/MWh or more.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":0.27,"asof":"2026-07","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.paraguaytv.gov.py/2026/07/17/31606/","basis":"Aña Cuá expansion of the binational Yacyretá dam (Paraguay-Argentina): 270 MW under construction, 76% executed, with the first turbine expected in 2026.","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":6.3,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.abc.com.py/economia/2026/09/03/advierten-que-criptos-y-centros-de-ia-quieren-10-anos-mas-de-tarifa-privilegiada-en-paraguay/","basis":"Pending electro-intensive (crypto and AI data-center) power requests, according to ANDE's president, on top of 1,300 MW already contracted; HIVE alone holds 300 MW and seeks 1,000 MW. For scale, Paraguay's available Itaipú power is 6,067 MW, and ANDE engineers describe the system as about 5 GW.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":24.8,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":100.0,"reliability":{"unit":"SAIDI (not measured by ANDE)","note":"ANDE reports interruption frequency and duration per kVA installed (FMIK/DMIK) rather than SAIDI/SAIFI, its Dec 2025 reform plan recommends adopting SAIDI/SAIFI, and ANDE engineers call a 2 GW load on the ~5 GW system 'disruptive'.","asof":"2025-12","src":"https://www.ande.gov.py/medidas_de_reforma/Informe%20Final%20-%20Plan%20de%20Mejora%20Gestion%20Operativa%20de%20la%20ANDE%20-%2017%2012%202025.pdf"},"water":{"v":"Low","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Paraguay; all departments, including Central, Asunción and Alto Paraná, score 0 (<10%)","src":"https://files.wri.org/aqueduct/aqueduct-4-0-country-rankings.zip"},"policy":"Contracts under the crypto/data-center 'Grupo de Consumo Intensivo Especial' regime (about US$44/MWh) end 31 Dec 2027, a date ANDE calls non-extendable, while the industry lobbies for an extension to 2037; ANDE engineers propose a 700 MW cap auctioned from a US$56/MWh floor from 1 Jan 2028. Decrees 5306/5307 (Feb 2026) allow special USD tariffs of up to 15 years for AI/cloud/data centers and power-to-X, but no rates have been set pending Itaipú Annex C, and the decrees giving Atome a fixed 15-year tariff were later repealed.","policy_src":["https://www.abc.com.py/economia/2026/09/03/advierten-que-criptos-y-centros-de-ia-quieren-10-anos-mas-de-tarifa-privilegiada-en-paraguay/","https://www.abc.com.py/economia/2026/07/22/ingenieros-de-ande-proponen-subasta-de-precios-y-limitar-energia-a-700-mw-a-criptomineras-y-data-centers/","https://www.mersanlaw.com/novedades/paraguay-activa-tarifa-electrica-especial-para-impulsar-inversiones-tecnologicas/","https://www.rdn.com.py/2026/09/25/gobierno-ofrece-energia-para-inteligencia-artificial-sin-definir-tarifa"],"frontier":false},{"id":"norway","name":"Norway","full":"Norway","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":120,"mid":78.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-09","basis":"Statnett (Aug 2026, via Finansavisen/energiverket.no) says the capacity of today's transmission grid and large parts of the planned grid is fully reserved. NVE (Rapport 17/2026, Statnett statistics as of May 2026): 20.8 GW of consumption waiting (7.8 GW reserved, 13 GW in the queue), about 10 GW of it data centres, 'much of this will probably not be established by 2030'. On 22 Apr 2026 Statnett stopped all new large-industry reservations north of Svartisen (NO4: Narvik, Tromsø, Finnmark), even on special terms, and said the risk remains after the planned grid projects too; a new concept study (KVU) for lines from Helgeland or Sweden implies a new-line horizon (~10 yrs, hi end). Fastest…","src":"https://publikasjoner.nve.no/rapport/2026/rapport2026_17.pdf","snippet":"Mange datasentre står i kø og er avhengig av nytt kraftnett for å få plass"},"gate":{"status":"restricted","note":"Statnett put new large-industry reservations north of Svartisen (NO4) on hold on Apr 22, 2026, and says today's grid is fully reserved.","src":"https://www.statnett.no/om-statnett/nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/nyhetsarkiv-2026/setter-reservasjon-av-nettkapasitet-for-fremtidig-industriforbruk-nord-for-svartisen-pa-hold/"},"price":{"v":46.1,"asof":"2025-S2","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table","basis":"Eurostat nrg_pc_205, non-household band ≥150 GWh/yr, 2025-S2, excl. VAT and recoverable taxes: €0.0408/kWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":50.8,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/european-wholesale-electricity-price-data/","basis":"Ember European wholesale data, 2025 mean day-ahead €44.96/MWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","latest":{"month":"2026-08","v":129.31,"eur":114.43}},"ppa":{"v":13.2,"asof":"2025-06","conf":"estimate","src":"https://www.kyos.com/app/uploads/2025/09/KYOS-PPA-Report-June-2025-No14.pdf","basis":"Onshore-wind PPA assessment by KYOS for 2026-2035: capture price with a 20% risk discount, roughly a P25 PPA price. NO4 11.7 EUR/MWh x 1.130. Other zones: NO1 38.6, NO2 37.4, NO3 24.7, NO5 37.8 EUR/MWh. Modelled, not a transacted price. Norwegian corporate hydro/wind PPA prices are not public; NVE says wind build-out has been close to zero."},"supply":{"v":5.5,"asof":"2026-05","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://publikasjoner.nve.no/rapport/2026/rapport2026_17.pdf","basis":"Planned, not under construction. This is generation with reserved grid capacity planned to connect within about five years (Statnett statistics via NVE): mainly offshore wind (1.9 GW, Sørlige Nordsjø II and Utsira Nord, targeting Dec 2030 with significant uncertainty), hydro and solar. A further 15.2 GW of generation awaits connection overall. NVE expects only about +5 TWh of normal-year output from 2025 to 2030;…","type":"planned"},"queue":{"v":10.2,"asof":"2026-05","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://publikasjoner.nve.no/rapport/2026/rapport2026_17.pdf","basis":"Data-centre connection cases, reserved plus queued, in Statnett statistics (May 2026, per NVE); about 10 GW of it is in the transmission grid. Of this, 3.84 GW is reserved to data centres per Statnett's reservation list of 10 Aug 2026 (faktaportalen). By zone: NO4 alone has 2.3 GW reserved and 2.8 GW queued across all consumption (E24/Statnett).","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":28.1,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":99.0,"reliability":{"v":213,"unit":"SAIDI min/yr (all end users, long + short interruptions)","note":"2025 total was 3 h 33 min per customer, including storm Amy (Oct 2025); delivery reliability 99.982%.","asof":"2025","src":"https://www.nve.no/reguleringsmyndigheten/publikasjoner-og-data/statistikk/avbrotsstatistikk/"},"water":{"v":"Low","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Norway, country level (category not re-fetched in this pass)","src":"https://www.wri.org/applications/aqueduct/country-rankings/"},"policy":"Statnett reserves capacity only for projects that meet maturity criteria and commit to costs; otherwise projects queue by submission date. Loads under 5 MW/20 GWh count as standard consumption, and since 22 Apr 2026 no new large-load reservations are granted north of Svartisen. Data centres must register with Nkom (since 1 Jan 2025) and were removed from 'alminnelig forsyning' for municipal concession power (May 2026). The Storting (Mar 2026) asked for a societal-benefit review and a ban on crypto data centres, and an Energy Act change of 1 Jul 2026 lets the government order priority connection for national-security needs. Electricity-tax treatment of data centres was not verified in this pass.","policy_src":["https://www.statnett.no/nettkapasitet-til-produksjon-og-forbruk/hvordan-fa-okt-nettkapasitet/","https://www.statnett.no/om-statnett/nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/nyhetsarkiv-2026/setter-reservasjon-av-nettkapasitet-for-fremtidig-industriforbruk-nord-for-svartisen-pa-hold/","https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Innstillinger/Stortinget/2025-2026/inns-202526-140s/?all=true","https://faktaportalen.no/energi/sektorer/datasentre"],"frontier":false},{"id":"sweden","name":"Sweden","full":"Sweden","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":120,"mid":78.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-09","basis":"Svenska kraftnät (page reviewed 25 Aug 2026): a new transmission substation normally takes 4-6 years from land survey to operation, and a new line 10-12 years. The SvK application queue (Sep 2025) holds about 31.9 GW of consumption (23.7 GW industry, 8.2 GW 'other', which includes data centres), more than twice Sweden's peak load; data centres account for 5-6 GW of it, about 80% in SE3 (TN, Mar 2026). North (SE1/SE2) has a generation surplus. Sites with pre-provisioned capacity are fastest: at Google's Torsboda (SE2), E.ON says the first line can carry the 650 MW initial phase (~3 yrs from request is an estimate). The Norrbotten grid is 'not sufficient' for current plans at Boden/Luleå,…","src":"https://www.svk.se/utveckling-av-kraftsystemet/transmissionsnatet/utbyggnadsprocessen/","snippet":"Att bygga en ny station tar normalt 4-6 år"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":72.8,"asof":"2025-S2","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table","basis":"Eurostat nrg_pc_205, non-household band ≥150 GWh/yr, 2025-S2, excl. VAT and recoverable taxes: €0.0644/kWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":48.16,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/european-wholesale-electricity-price-data/","basis":"Ember European wholesale data, 2025 mean day-ahead €42.62/MWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","latest":{"month":"2026-08","v":64.7,"eur":57.26}},"ppa":{"v":15.1,"asof":"2025-06","conf":"estimate","src":"https://www.kyos.com/app/uploads/2025/09/KYOS-PPA-Report-June-2025-No14.pdf","basis":"Onshore-wind PPA assessment by KYOS for 2026-2035: capture price with a 20% risk discount, roughly a P25 PPA price. SE1 13.4 EUR/MWh x 1.130. Other zones: SE2 14.8, SE3 32.5, SE4 32.7 EUR/MWh. Modelled, not a transacted price."},"supply":null,"queue":{"v":8.2,"asof":"2025-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.svk.se/49011f/contentassets/d92ea45b663f4e1f839d025479182f13/svk_natutveckling_nup_2026-2035_eng.pdf","basis":"SvK application queue (until capacity is reserved), 'other electricity consumption' category, which covers data centres, general societal growth and undefined consumption. The total consumption queue is about 31.9 GW, including 23.7 GW of industry. TN (Mar 2026) puts data centres at 5-6 GW, about 80% in SE3. Data-centre applications in SE2 were 1.32 GW as of 1 Sep 2026 (energinyheter).","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":35.3,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":98.8,"reliability":{"v":63,"unit":"SAIDI min/yr (local networks, unannounced interruptions)","note":"2023 value (availability 99.988%). This is the latest Ei report found; no 2024/2025 edition was located.","asof":"2023","src":"https://ei.se/download/18.1d9451341938b9522c2435/1733305550052/Leveranss%C3%A4kerhet-i-Sveriges-eln%C3%A4t-2023-Ei-R2024-13.pdf"},"water":{"v":"Low","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Sweden, country level (category not re-fetched in this pass)","src":"https://www.wri.org/applications/aqueduct/country-rankings/"},"policy":"SvK allocates transmission capacity first-come-first-served among applicants that meet maturity requirements, and refers new loads to the lowest feasible voltage. Its Apr 2026 government-commissioned review proposes capacity zones and 'interest pools' and notes that EU rules allow transparent prioritisation of categories such as data centres. Current electricity-tax treatment of data centres (a reduction was introduced in 2017) was not verified in this pass.","policy_src":["https://www.svk.se/4992b2/siteassets/om-oss/rapporter/2026/rapport_-regeringsuppdrag-om-att-se-over-anslutningsprocessen-till-elsystemet-och-tilltradet-till-elmarknaden-.pdf","https://www.dagensinfrastruktur.se/2026/06/17/miljardinvesteringarna-bakom-molnet-sveriges-datacenterboom-och-vad-den-kostar-elnatet/","https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/interpellation/nationell-plan-for-nya-datacenter_hd10414/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"finland","name":"Finland","full":"Finland","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":24,"hi":60,"mid":42.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-09","basis":"Fingrid (quoted by Vantaan Energia, Jan 2025): new consumption can be connected 'in a couple of years' where capacity exists, but main-grid reinforcement takes 8 years on average (up to 4 of them in permitting). New consumption over 10 MW is restricted in Uusimaa (Espoo/Helsinki), Southwest Finland and Häme from Jan 2025 to Jan 2027. May 2026 reports say large data-centre connections stay closed until 2027 in the Helsinki region, Kanta-Häme, Pirkanmaa and Varsinais-Suomi, while northern Finland and Ostrobothnia remain open. Fingrid (Yle, Apr 2026) expects southern capacity to improve from 2029 and says a new line takes 7-8 years. The new priority law makes its first allocation by 31 Dec…","src":"https://www.vantaanenergiasahkoverkot.fi/fingrid-rajoittaa-yli-10-mw-kulutuksen-liittymista-kanta-ja-jakeluverkkoihin-vaikuttaa-myos-vantaalla/","snippet":"Uutta kulutusta ja sähkövarastoja voidaan liittää parissa vuodessa."},"gate":{"status":"restricted","note":"New loads over 10 MW are restricted around Helsinki, SW Finland and Häme until Jan 2027; the north and Ostrobothnia remain open.","src":"https://www.fingrid.fi/en/news/news/2025/the-connection-of-electricity-consumption-to-the-main-grid-is-temporarily-tight-in-southern-finland/"},"price":{"v":47.7,"asof":"2025-S2","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table","basis":"Eurostat nrg_pc_205, non-household band 70–150 GWh/yr, 2025-S2, excl. VAT and recoverable taxes: €0.0422/kWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":45.45,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/european-wholesale-electricity-price-data/","basis":"Ember European wholesale data, 2025 mean day-ahead €40.22/MWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","latest":{"month":"2026-08","v":46.26,"eur":40.94}},"ppa":{"v":26.4,"asof":"2025-06","conf":"estimate","src":"https://www.kyos.com/app/uploads/2025/09/KYOS-PPA-Report-June-2025-No14.pdf","basis":"KYOS estimate of the price of the Exilion-Axpo Nordic 12-year onshore-wind PPA (70 GWh/yr from 2025) at 23.4 EUR/MWh x 1.130. This equals KYOS's Finland wind PPA assessment for 2026-2035 (P25-equivalent). The deal price was estimated, not disclosed."},"supply":{"v":0.51,"asof":"2026-06","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/07/23/3331934/0/fi/Fingrid-konsernin-puolivuosikatsaus-1-1-30-6-2026.html","basis":"Renewables connected in H1 2026 (108 MW wind + 402 MW solar) per Fingrid's H1 2026 report. These are half-year additions, not capacity under construction. Cumulative wind was 8,902 MW in summer 2025 (Suomen Tuulivoimayhdistys). The figures came via a small-model extraction; the verbatim release text could not be fetched.","type":"added H1 2026"},"queue":{"v":50,"asof":"2026-04","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://yle.fi/a/74-20219798","basis":"Non-binding data-centre connection inquiries to Fingrid (over 50 GW) against a 15 GW national peak; Fingrid expects about 10% (5 GW) to materialise. Signed data-centre connection agreements exceeded 3 GW at end-Jun 2026, and all consumption inquiries in the 12 months to mid-2026 totalled about 68 GW (Fingrid H1 2026).","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":57.2,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":96.4,"reliability":{"v":99.9998,"unit":"% main-grid (transmission) reliability, Fingrid","note":"H1 2026 transmission-level figure (99.99980%); distribution SAIDI was not collected in this pass.","asof":"2026-06","src":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/07/23/3331934/0/fi/Fingrid-konsernin-puolivuosikatsaus-1-1-30-6-2026.html"},"water":{"v":"Low","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Finland, country level (category not re-fetched in this pass)","src":"https://www.wri.org/applications/aqueduct/country-rankings/"},"policy":"Fingrid restricts new consumption connections over 10 MW in Uusimaa, Southwest Finland and Häme (Jan 2025 to Jan 2027; per May 2026 reports, data-centre connections there and in Pirkanmaa stay closed until 2027), while the north and Ostrobothnia remain open. A draft law (consultation to 9 Oct 2026, in force 1 Jan 2027, first allocation by 31 Dec 2027) replaces first-come-first-served with four priority groups. Data centres over 10 MW sit with sites over 100 MW in Group 3 unless they commit to flexibility (80% for large data centres) or to sourcing at least 50% of annual use from new local generation. The electricity-tax class for data centres was not verified in this pass.","policy_src":["https://www.fingrid.fi/en/news/news/2025/the-connection-of-electricity-consumption-to-the-main-grid-is-temporarily-tight-in-southern-finland/","https://aisuomi.fi/liiketoiminta/fingrid-sulki-etela-suomen-datakeskusliittymat-2027-asti","https://hpp.fi/articles/new-legislative-proposal-on-priority-connection-procedure-for-the-electricity-grid-consultation-open-until-9-october-2026/","https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/finland-to-abandon-first-come-first-served-grid-connections-dropping-data-centers-down-the-queue/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"iceland","name":"Iceland","full":"Iceland","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":72,"mid":54.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-09","basis":"Iceland's grid is isolated, and large loads buy power through bilateral long-term contracts, chiefly with Landsvirkjun. All data centres together draw about 70 MW (Jun 2026), and the latest data-centre contract was 12 MW (Borealis). Landsvirkjun curtailed interruptible load in 2023-2025 (115 GWh in the 2024/25 water year). It expects about 1.3 TWh of new energy by end-2030: Vaðalda wind 120 MW fully online by end-2027, the Þeistareykir topping unit in Nov 2028, Hvammur hydro 95 MW, and a Sigalda unit by end-2029. A firm 100 MW load (about 0.85 TWh/yr) would need roughly two-thirds of that, so late 2029 at the earliest. This is an estimate, not a stated Landsvirkjun or Landsnet timeline;…","src":"https://landsvirkjun-vefur.cdn.prismic.io/landsvirkjun-vefur/afoPlcBOoF08xooA_LV_AnnualReport_2025_V9.pdf","snippet":"Landsvirkjun will be able to deliver around 1.3 TWh of new green energy"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":37.6,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://landsvirkjun-vefur.cdn.prismic.io/landsvirkjun-vefur/aZcoA8FoBIGEgkAJ_FinancialstatementsLV2025.pdf","basis":"Energy: Landsvirkjun's 2025 average price to industrial users, excluding transmission, of 31.1 USD/MWh (a legacy long-term-contract average dominated by aluminium smelters; new data-centre contracts are likely priced higher, not disclosed). Transmission: about 6.5 USD/MWh, derived from Landsnet's 2025 large-user transmission revenue (USD 100.2m) divided by an ASSUMED ~15.5 TWh of large-user volume (the volume is not sourced). Landsnet's 2022 tariff no. 43 implies at least 4.7 USD/MWh at a 95% load factor, and…","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":0.215,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.landsvirkjun.com/news/icelands-first-wind-farm-commences-operations","basis":"Under construction: Vaðalda wind farm 120 MW (14 of 28 turbines online since 15 Sep 2026, full operation by end-2027) plus Hvammur hydro 95 MW. Planned but not counted: the Þeistareykir 25 MW topping unit (Nov 2028) and a 65 MW Sigalda unit (end-2029). Landsvirkjun targets about 1.3 TWh of new energy by end-2030.","type":"under construction"},"queue":null,"carbon":{"v":27.8,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":100.0,"reliability":{"unit":"SMS outage min/yr (Landsnet transmission)","note":"Landsnet met all its 2025 targets, including at most 50 outage minutes (SMS) and at least 99.9905% delivery security; the actual values sit in an image table and were not extracted.","asof":"2025","src":"https://ml-eu.globenewswire.com/Resource/Download/d1d24b33-edc2-4e42-b701-2e945ec9d2af"},"water":{"v":"Low","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Iceland, country level (category not re-fetched in this pass)","src":"https://www.wri.org/applications/aqueduct/country-rankings/"},"policy":"Large loads contract bilaterally, chiefly with state-owned Landsvirkjun, and connect via Landsnet; new generation must pass the government's Master Plan for Nature Protection and Energy Utilisation, which has delayed plants for years. Landsvirkjun supports data centres (not crypto) but has said it cannot serve new large metals or raw-materials users near-term, and Iceland's 2026 Industrial Policy names data-centre growth as an opportunity.","policy_src":["https://www.landsvirkjun.com/news/concerted-efforts-to-increase-energy-generation","https://www.landsvirkjun.com/news/borealis-and-landsvirkjun-sign-a-12-mw-power-purchasing-agreement","https://www.landsvirkjun.com/news/icelands-first-wind-farm-commences-operations"],"frontier":true},{"id":"ireland","name":"Ireland","full":"Ireland","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":42,"hi":120,"mid":81.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-06","basis":"Greater Dublin is treated as fully constrained, and EirGrid will not progress data-centre applications in constrained areas (DCCOPP v3, 20 May 2026). Outside Dublin, EirGrid needs ~7.5 months to issue an offer if the nominated dispatchable generation already holds an ECP-GSS offer (up to 18 months otherwise). The data centre cannot energise before that generation is delivered. Many 220 kV nodes with headroom face refurbishment, and new connections there are 'unlikely before the mid-2030s'. lo = 7.5-month offer + ~3 years to build the connection and co-located dispatchable plant at an unconstrained regional node. hi = mid-2030s or later for Dublin and refurbishment-affected nodes.…","src":"https://www.mhc.ie/latest/insights/new-data-centre-connection-rules","snippet":"The Greater Dublin region is considered fully constrained for large data centre development."},"gate":{"status":"paused","note":"Greater Dublin is treated as fully constrained; EirGrid won't progress data-centre applications there. Elsewhere, on-site generation is required.","src":"https://www.mhc.ie/latest/insights/new-data-centre-connection-rules"},"price":{"v":179.9,"asof":"2025-S2","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table","basis":"Eurostat nrg_pc_205, non-household band ≥150 GWh/yr, 2025-S2, excl. VAT and recoverable taxes: €0.1592/kWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":133.3,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-05/Market%20Operator%20User%20Group%20Presentation%2028%20May%202026.pdf","basis":"SEM (all-island Ireland + Northern Ireland) day-ahead market, 2025 average EUR 118/MWh per SEMO Market Operator User Group presentation (28 May 2026); converted at EUR 1.130 USD.","latest":{"month":"2026-08","v":194.77,"eur":172.36}},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":1.19,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://storage.googleapis.com/emb-prod-bkt-publicdata/public-downloads/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv","basis":"GW added in 2025: net increase in installed wind+solar capacity end-2024 to end-2025 (total 7.62 GW; solar +1.00, wind +0.19), Ember yearly electricity data. Not an under-construction pipeline. Ember also shows coal 0.92 -> 0 GW and other fossil 0.68 -> 1.59 GW in 2025.","type":"added in 2025"},"queue":{"v":5.8,"asof":"2025-12","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf","basis":"System operators' (EirGrid, ESB Networks, Gas Networks Ireland) data-centre market-intelligence exercise, cited in CRU/2025/236: ~5.8 GW of additional data-centre demand capacity required in the medium term. Indicative demand, not a formal connection queue. Data centres were 22% of national demand in 2024.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":263.3,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":47.7,"reliability":null,"water":null,"policy":"CRU/2025/236 (12 Dec 2025) reopened data-centre connections on two conditions: each site brings dispatchable onsite/proximate generation and/or storage (separately connected, participating in the SEM) sized to 100% of its maximum import capacity, and it matches at least 80% of annual demand with new Irish renewables within a six-year glide path. EirGrid's DCCOPP v3 (May 2026) will not progress applications in constrained areas and treats Greater Dublin as fully constrained, so the de facto Dublin freeze since 2022 continues while regional 220 kV nodes are assessed case by case.","policy_src":["https://www.cru.ie/about-us/news/the-cru-publishes-its-decision-on-new-electricity-connection-policy-for-data-centres/","https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf","https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-V3-May-2026.pdf","https://www.mhc.ie/latest/insights/new-data-centre-connection-rules"],"frontier":false},{"id":"uk","name":"UK","full":"United Kingdom","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":120,"mid":78.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-07","basis":"NESO's reordered queue (Dec 2025) fits only ~13 GW of firm transmission demand before 2030 and ~86 GW in 2030-35. UK data centres face ~5-10-year connection lead times on average, and some schemes were quoted 15-year waits (Mar 2026). Demand offers jumped from 41 GW to 125 GW (Nov 2024-Jun 2025), at least 80 GW of it data centres (Ofgem, Jul 2026). A new firm request in Oct 2026 therefore queues into the early/mid-2030s (hi). lo of ~3 years applies only to AI Growth Zone or brownfield sites with existing or prioritised capacity: the government offers up to 500 MW per AIGZ, and 2026 reform proposals give data centres/AIGZs queue priority.","src":"https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/neso-reveals-results-of-uks-grid-connection-reforms/","snippet":"around five to ten years on average"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":282.0,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6ab543da997a4b2950cceedc/table_341.xlsx","basis":"DESNZ Quarterly Energy Prices Table 3.4.2 (annual, published 29 Sep 2026): 2025 average price paid by 'Extra Large' non-domestic electricity consumers (>150,000 MWh/yr). Fully delivered (energy, network and policy costs), incl. Climate Change Levy, excl. VAT = 21.38 p/kWh (GBP 213.8/MWh; 20.93 p/kWh excl. CCL). Converted at GBP 1.319 USD (ECB 2025 annual averages: 1.12998 USD/EUR / 0.85679 GBP/EUR). Does not reflect proposed AI Growth Zone discounts (from Apr 2027) or other large-user relief.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":107.1,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.electricitymaps.com/grid-in-review-2025/great-britain","basis":"GB day-ahead price, 2025 mean GBP 81.2/MWh (Electricity Maps 'Grid in Review 2025', computed from Electricity Maps API data; secondary aggregator). Converted at GBP 1.319 USD.","latest":{"month":"2026-08","v":168.88,"eur":149.45}},"ppa":{"v":98.7,"asof":"2025-12","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/02/09/solar-wind-ppa-prices-continue-to-fall-in-europe/","basis":"LevelTen Energy European PPA Price Index, Q4 2025: UK solar PPA price EUR 87.36/MWh, +1.7% q/q (the sentence lists Denmark then the UK, 'respectively'). LevelTen country values are P25 offer prices. Converted at EUR 1.130 USD. Technology: solar."},"supply":{"v":3.91,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://storage.googleapis.com/emb-prod-bkt-publicdata/public-downloads/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv","basis":"GW added in 2025: net increase in installed wind+solar capacity end-2024 to end-2025 (total 55.06 GW; solar +2.66, wind +1.25), Ember yearly electricity data. Not an under-construction pipeline.","type":"added in 2025"},"queue":{"v":73,"asof":"2026-07","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/press-release/ofgem-acts-free-grid-capacity-tackling-speculative-data-centre-projects","basis":"Data-centre demand in the GB connections queue referenced in Ofgem's Jul 2026 data-centre connection consultation (~73 GW). Ofgem also says data centres account for at least 80 GW of the 125 GW of contracted demand offers (Jun 2025). NESO evidence to Parliament: ~59 GW of data centres awaiting transmission connection, 57.8 GW of it from 100 MW+ projects.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":218.2,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":64.2,"reliability":null,"water":null,"policy":"NESO's Gate 2 reordering (Dec 2025) replaced first-come-first-served; Ofgem's Jul 2026 consultation (closed Sep 2026) proposes a data-centre commitment fee of GBP 237,500-712,500/MW plus credible-end-user and long-lead-equipment milestones, and the government proposed in Mar 2026 to prioritise data centres and AI Growth Zones in the demand queue. AI Growth Zones target up to 500 MW each, with proposed bill discounts from April 2027 for a 500 MW site of about GBP 24/MWh in Scotland, GBP 16/MWh in Cumbria and GBP 14/MWh in the North East.","policy_src":["https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/press-release/ofgem-acts-free-grid-capacity-tackling-speculative-data-centre-projects","https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms","https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2026/03/11/data-centre-sites-to-jump-queue-for-grid-connections/","https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/uk-plans-ai-growth-zone-in-north-wales-announces-data-center-power-and-planning-reforms/","https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/neso-reveals-results-of-uks-grid-connection-reforms/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"netherlands","name":"Netherlands","full":"Netherlands","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":84,"hi":120,"mid":102.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-04","basis":"TenneT (Dec 2024) expects waiting lists for large consumers in much of Noord-Holland for at least ten years, including SW Amsterdam/Zuidas, Vijfhuizen and the Amsterdam area fed from Oostzaan. It says the provincial HV grid will not be fully expanded until at least 2036. TenneT paused Goodman's and other data-centre requests near Vijfhuizen in early 2026, and a court (Apr 2026) refused to force the requested end-2029 connection; reinforcement is expected in 2033-2035. TenneT's offtake waiting list stood at 212 requests / 38 GW (Oct 2025). lo = the 2033 reinforcement window; hi = 2036+ for Amsterdam. Sites outside the Randstad could be faster, but no public capacity evidence was found.","src":"https://nos.nl/artikel/2612438-netbeheerder-tennet-hoeft-datacenter-niet-direct-aan-te-sluiten-op-overvol-stroomnet","snippet":"Pas in de periode 2033 tot 2035 is het stroomnet in de regio Vijfhuizen"},"gate":{"status":"paused","note":"TenneT expects waiting lists for large users across much of Noord-Holland for at least ten years; a court let it refuse a Vijfhuizen data centre (Apr 2026).","src":"https://nos.nl/artikel/2612438-netbeheerder-tennet-hoeft-datacenter-niet-direct-aan-te-sluiten-op-overvol-stroomnet"},"price":{"v":107.5,"asof":"2025-S2","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table","basis":"Eurostat nrg_pc_205, non-household band ≥150 GWh/yr, 2025-S2, excl. VAT and recoverable taxes: €0.0951/kWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":98.93,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/european-wholesale-electricity-price-data/","basis":"Ember European wholesale data, 2025 mean day-ahead €87.55/MWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","latest":{"month":"2026-08","v":144.11,"eur":127.53}},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":1.19,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://storage.googleapis.com/emb-prod-bkt-publicdata/public-downloads/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv","basis":"GW added in 2025: net increase in installed wind+solar capacity end-2024 to end-2025 (total 37.66 GW; solar +1.11, wind +0.08), Ember yearly electricity data. Not an under-construction pipeline. Ember's Dutch 2025 solar increment may understate national statistics; treat it as a lower bound.","type":"added in 2025"},"queue":{"v":38,"asof":"2025-10","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.netbeheernederland.nl/artikelen/nieuws/wachtlijsten-groeien-meer-inzet-op-flexibel-gebruik-essentieel","basis":"TenneT (transmission) offtake waiting list: 212 unique requests totalling 38 GW. This covers all large offtake (industry, batteries, data centres) and is not data-centre-only. Regional DSOs have a further 14,044 requests / 9.1 GW.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":253.7,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":54.2,"reliability":null,"water":null,"policy":"Congestion rules: TenneT expects waiting lists for large consumers across much of Noord-Holland (incl. Amsterdam) until at least 2036, it paused data-centre requests around Vijfhuizen in early 2026 (upheld in court, Apr 2026), and new applications in the Utrecht and Eindhoven areas are paused from 1 Jul 2026. Since 2022, national rules have confined new hyperscale data centres (>70 MW, >10 ha) to designated sites (Eemshaven and Middenmeer), and Amsterdam restricts new data centres locally.","policy_src":["https://www.tennet.eu/nl/nieuws/komende-tien-jaar-groot-deel-noord-holland-geen-extra-ruimte-op-elektriciteitsnet","https://nos.nl/artikel/2612438-netbeheerder-tennet-hoeft-datacenter-niet-direct-aan-te-sluiten-op-overvol-stroomnet","https://cms.law/en/nld/legal-updates/netherlands-prohibits-creating-hyperscale-data-centres-until-national-guidelines-are-passed","https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/the-ongoing-impact-of-amsterdams-data-center-moratorium/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"germany","name":"Germany","full":"Germany","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":48,"hi":120,"mid":84.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-03","basis":"Frankfurt/Rhein-Main: Mainova (Mar 2026) expects large new connections to be available again only from the mid-2030s, and operator Firstcolo was told there would be no power in Frankfurt-East before 2035. At transmission level, the four TSOs held 717 connection requests (~270 GW, 211 GW of it batteries) at end-Q3 2025. Since 1 Apr 2026 they allocate capacity in maturity-ranked cycles (Amprion's first window closed 30 Jun 2026), and offers carry only an indicative connection date. hi = mid-2030s or later for Frankfurt. lo of ~4 years is an estimate for a mature project at a node with headroom outside Rhein-Main.","src":"https://www.energie-und-management.de/nachrichten/technik/detail/zu-wenig-strom-fuer-weitere-rechenzentren-356137","snippet":"große, leistungsstarke Neuanschlüsse erst ab Mitte der 2030er-Jahre erneut bereitgestellt werden können"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":147.7,"asof":"2025-S2","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table","basis":"Eurostat nrg_pc_205, non-household band ≥150 GWh/yr, 2025-S2, excl. VAT and recoverable taxes: €0.1307/kWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":101.38,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/european-wholesale-electricity-price-data/","basis":"Ember European wholesale data, 2025 mean day-ahead €89.72/MWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","latest":{"month":"2026-08","v":142.54,"eur":126.14}},"ppa":{"v":56.2,"asof":"2025-12","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/02/09/solar-wind-ppa-prices-continue-to-fall-in-europe/","basis":"LevelTen Energy European PPA Price Index, Q4 2025: Germany solar PPA price EUR 49.77/MWh, down from EUR 52.0 (the sentence lists Greece then Germany, 'respectively'). LevelTen country values are P25 offer prices. Converted at EUR 1.130 USD. Technology: solar."},"supply":{"v":20.14,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://storage.googleapis.com/emb-prod-bkt-publicdata/public-downloads/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv","basis":"GW added in 2025: net increase in installed wind+solar capacity end-2024 to end-2025 (total 184.08 GW; solar +15.07, wind +5.07), Ember yearly electricity data. Not an under-construction pipeline.","type":"added in 2025"},"queue":{"v":59,"asof":"2025-09","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.50hertz.com/Portals/1/Dokumente/Medien/Pressemitteilungen/2026/260205_Reifegradverfahren_DE.pdf?ver=ycohiofDSuI5RYXGCA8a0A%3D%3D","basis":"The four German TSOs held 717 extra-high-voltage connection requests totalling ~270 GW at end-Q3 2025, of which 545 requests / 211 GW were batteries. The ~59 GW remainder (derived) covers data centres, electrolysers, other large consumers and possibly some large generators. No data-centre-only figure is published.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":334.1,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":58.5,"reliability":{"v":11.7,"unit":"SAIDI min/yr","note":"Bundesnetzagentur: average interruption of 11.7 minutes per final customer in 2024, down from 12.8 in 2023.","asof":"2024","src":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/2025/20251009_SAIDI_Strom.html"},"water":null,"policy":"Since 1 Apr 2026 the four TSOs allocate extra-high-voltage connections for data centres, batteries and other large users in fixed cycles ranked by project maturity (land, permits, financial strength, grid benefit; EUR 50k application fee at Amprion) instead of first-come-first-served, and they urge statutory technology quotas; in Frankfurt, Mainova/NRM says large new connections are unlikely before the mid-2030s. The Energy Efficiency Act (EnEfG) has imposed a PUE limit of 1.2 on new data centres since July 2026, alongside renewable-electricity and waste-heat-reuse obligations.","policy_src":["https://www.50hertz.com/Portals/1/Dokumente/Medien/Pressemitteilungen/2026/260205_Reifegradverfahren_DE.pdf?ver=ycohiofDSuI5RYXGCA8a0A%3D%3D","https://www.amprion.net/Strommarkt/Netzkunden/Netzanschluss/Industrieanlagen-und-Rechenzentren.html","https://www.energie-und-management.de/nachrichten/technik/detail/zu-wenig-strom-fuer-weitere-rechenzentren-356137","https://ad-hoc-news.de/wirtschaft/rechenzentren-neue-effizienzpflicht-mit-pue-grenzwert-1-2-seit-juli-2026/70201216"],"frontier":false},{"id":"france","name":"France","full":"France","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":84,"mid":60.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-05","basis":"Fast track: a CRE-approved RTE procedure (May 2025) connects 400 MW-1 GW consumers at 400 kV on state-identified sites by 2028-29 without grid-capacity limits. The government (Jan 2026) lists five fast-track sites able to connect more than 700 MW 'within three to four years'. Standard route: a Feb 2026 Senate report put electrical connection at 5-7 years, and ~18 GW of data centres are awaiting connection (May 2026). lo = fast-track site; hi = standard queue.","src":"https://next.ink/222076/datacenters-en-france-26-sites-securises-dont-5-projets-fast-track-dau-moins-700-mw/","snippet":"raccordement électrique supérieur à 700 MW dans un délai de trois à quatre ans"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":69.4,"asof":"2025-S2","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table","basis":"Eurostat nrg_pc_205, non-household band ≥150 GWh/yr, 2025-S2, excl. VAT and recoverable taxes: €0.0614/kWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":71.47,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/european-wholesale-electricity-price-data/","basis":"Ember European wholesale data, 2025 mean day-ahead €63.25/MWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","latest":{"month":"2026-08","v":142.0,"eur":125.66}},"ppa":{"v":71.6,"asof":"2025-12","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/02/09/solar-wind-ppa-prices-continue-to-fall-in-europe/","basis":"LevelTen Energy European PPA Price Index, Q4 2025: France solar PPA price EUR 63.40/MWh (-0.4% q/q). LevelTen country values are P25 offer prices. Converted at EUR 1.130 USD. Technology: solar."},"supply":{"v":7.18,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://storage.googleapis.com/emb-prod-bkt-publicdata/public-downloads/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv","basis":"GW added in 2025: net increase in installed wind+solar capacity end-2024 to end-2025 (total 56.88 GW; solar +5.77, wind +1.41), Ember yearly electricity data. Not an under-construction pipeline.","type":"added in 2025"},"queue":{"v":18,"asof":"2026-05","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.france-epargne.fr/news/data-centers-883-milliards-annonces-en-france-18-gw-en-attente-de-raccordement","basis":"Data-centre projects awaiting grid connection in France (France-Épargne H1 2026 review, secondary report of RTE figures). A government tally from Jan 2026 counts 26 secured sites totalling 28.6 GW. This is a queue-type figure with substantial speculative content.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":41.2,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":94.9,"reliability":null,"water":null,"policy":"RTE's CRE-approved fast track (May 2025) connects 400 MW-1 GW consumers at 400 kV on state-selected sites by 2028-29 without grid-capacity limits (five fast-track sites of more than 700 MW listed in Jan 2026). The 26 May 2026 simplification law lets large data centres obtain 'major project of national interest' status with accelerated procedures, RTE is revising its procedure to move away from first-come-first-served (CRE deliberation 2026-32), and EDF has begun signing long-term low-carbon (nuclear) supply agreements with data-centre operators (Data4, Sep 2025).","policy_src":["https://www.cre.fr/actualites/toute-lactualite/la-cre-approuve-la-procedure-de-raccordement-fast-track-pour-raccorder-les-sites-de-consommation-de-grande-puissance-au-reseau-tres-haute-tension-400-kv-de-rte.html","https://next.ink/222076/datacenters-en-france-26-sites-securises-dont-5-projets-fast-track-dau-moins-700-mw/","https://www.france-epargne.fr/news/data-centers-883-milliards-annonces-en-france-18-gw-en-attente-de-raccordement","https://www.cre.fr/fileadmin/Documents/Deliberations/2026/260204_2026-32_Procedure_raccordement_RTE.pdf","https://www.usinenouvelle.com/electronique-informatique/cloud-computing/datacenters/sortir-de-la-regle-du-premier-demandeur-premier-servi-rte-envisage-de-changer-de-politique-pour-reduire-les-delais-de-raccordement-electrique-des-datacenters.RDEXNYUWVNAXTHKGFVVU5FYL24.html","https://www.edf.fr/groupe-edf/espaces-dedies/journalistes/tous-les-communiques-de-presse/data4-signe-un-accord-avec-edf-pour-l-approvisionnement-en-electricite-bas-carbone-de-ses-datacenters-en-france"],"frontier":false},{"id":"spain","name":"Spain","full":"Spain","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":72,"mid":54.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-07","basis":"Transmission demand access is now allocated two ways. (1) Nodal tenders: the first call (Jul 2025) covered 8 nodes and 3,681 MW, with a one-month application window, up to six months to award and a EUR 25/kW guarantee. (2) REE's monthly free-capacity publication: ~12 GW for demand surfaced in Jul 2026, followed by a 1-month ministry list and a 4-month application window. In 2024 data centres requested 19.3 GW of access; only 2% was granted, 41% was denied and 56% was pending. lo = ~12 months to secure access in a tender or window + ~2 years to build a transmission bay and substation. hi = ~6 years where nodes await reinforcements under the 2025-2030 grid plan. No published…","src":"https://elperiodicodelaenergia.com/el-gobierno-lanza-el-primer-concurso-de-acceso-de-demanda-a-la-red-con-ocho-nudos-y-3-681-mw-de-capacidad/","snippet":"hasta seis meses para resolver el concurso"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":105.3,"asof":"2025-S2","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table","basis":"Eurostat nrg_pc_205, non-household band ≥150 GWh/yr, 2025-S2, excl. VAT and recoverable taxes: €0.0932/kWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":75.77,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/european-wholesale-electricity-price-data/","basis":"Ember European wholesale data, 2025 mean day-ahead €67.05/MWh at 1.130 USD/EUR.","latest":{"month":"2026-08","v":134.5,"eur":119.03}},"ppa":{"v":36.7,"asof":"2025-12","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/02/09/solar-wind-ppa-prices-continue-to-fall-in-europe/","basis":"LevelTen Energy European PPA Price Index, Q4 2025: Spain solar PPA price EUR 32.50/MWh (-3.0% q/q; the most competitive percentiles were below EUR 30). LevelTen country values are P25 offer prices. Converted at EUR 1.130 USD. Technology: solar."},"supply":{"v":10.17,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://storage.googleapis.com/emb-prod-bkt-publicdata/public-downloads/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv","basis":"GW added in 2025: net increase in installed wind+solar capacity end-2024 to end-2025 (total 80.51 GW; solar +9.05, wind +1.12), Ember yearly electricity data. Not an under-construction pipeline.","type":"added in 2025"},"queue":{"v":19.3,"asof":"2024","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.elindependiente.com/economia/2025/09/17/espana-denego-el-41-de-las-peticiones-de-acceso-a-la-red-electrica-de-los-centros-de-datos-y-el-58-de-la-industria/","basis":"Grid-access capacity requested by data centres during 2024 (2% granted, 41% denied, 56% under study), from a Deloitte/Aelec report as reported by El Independiente (Sep 2025). This is older (2024) data; no 2025/2026 data-centre-specific total was found.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":153.5,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":74.7,"reliability":{"unit":"SAIDI min/yr","note":"The nationwide Iberian blackout of 28 April 2025 cut supply across mainland Spain and Portugal, and power was restored over roughly the following day.","asof":"2025-04","src":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Iberian_Peninsula_blackout"},"water":null,"policy":"Large-demand access at transmission nodes is being allocated through competitive nodal tenders and REE's published demand-capacity maps (~12 GW surfaced Jul 2026), with RDL 7/2026 adding further access-and-connection measures. The first tender (Jul 2025) offered 8 nodes and 3,681 MW, including Terrer in Aragón, on emissions-led criteria with a EUR 25/kW guarantee, and a ~20-node round was planned for 2026; the CNMC overturned an REE denial of a data-centre request in Mar 2026.","policy_src":["https://elperiodicodelaenergia.com/el-gobierno-lanza-el-primer-concurso-de-acceso-de-demanda-a-la-red-con-ocho-nudos-y-3-681-mw-de-capacidad/","https://elperiodicodelaenergia.com/el-gobierno-lanzara-en-breve-el-concurso-de-los-8-nudos-de-demanda-y-prepara-otro-con-una-veintena-para-2026","https://elperiodicodelaenergia.com/red-electrica-sorprende-al-sector-tras-aflorar-12-gw-de-nueva-capacidad-electrica-para-demanda","https://ga-p.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/RDL_7_2026_red_electrica.pdf","https://www.eleconomista.es/energia/noticias/13828107/03/26/competencia-anula-el-bloqueo-de-red-electrica-a-un-centro-de-datos-por-haberse-basado-en-una-solicitud-fantasma.html"],"frontier":false},{"id":"saudi","name":"Saudi Arabia","full":"Saudi Arabia (Riyadh / Dammam)","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":18,"hi":36,"mid":27.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-09","basis":"HUMAIN (PIF) broke ground on two 100 MW-initial sites in Riyadh and Dammam in Aug 2025 targeting go-live in Q2 2026 (~10 months from groundbreaking, ~13 from the May 2025 launch). No energisation had been publicly confirmed by late Sep 2026 (third-party tracker vision2030.ai), and a reported National Grid SA supply agreement for HUMAIN's Riyadh project (Sep 2026) gave no capacity or energisation date. The Sep 2026 infrastructure contract for HUMAIN's 6 GW east-Riyadh campus includes a new 2,000 MVA bulk supply point plus 500/200 MVA substations at 380/132/33 kV. So a fresh 100 MW+ request likely means a new or expanded 380/132 kV BSP: about 1.5-3 years. Dedicated grid substations, not…","src":"https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/humain-breaks-ground-two-data-centers-with-first-facilities-expected-to-go-live-in-q2-2026/","snippet":"expected to go live in the second quarter of 2026"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":48.0,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.se.com.sa/en/Ourservices/ColumnC/Bills-and-Consumption/ConsumptionTariffs/","basis":"SEC's published consumption tariff (live page, read 30 Sep 2026) has a dedicated 'Cloud Computing' class at 18 halalas/kWh. It is energy-only with no demand charge and excludes 15% VAT. SAR 0.18/kWh / 3.75 SAR per USD (peg) = $48.0/MWh. For comparison: general Industrial is 20 halalas ($53.3/MWh). The 'heavy consumption' tariff for eligible industries whose electricity is 20% or more of opex is 12 halalas ($32/MWh) when transmission-connected and 18 when distribution-connected.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":{"v":12.6,"asof":"2025-07","conf":"disclosed","src":"http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/653410","basis":"Solar PV. PPAs signed 14 Jul 2025 (ACWA Power / Badeel / SAPCO; 12 GW across Bisha, Al-Humaij, Khulais, Afif 1 and 2) at 4.72-5.10 halalas/kWh = $12.6-13.6/MWh at 3.75 SAR/USD; the low end is shown. Wind in the same round (Satara 2 GW, Shaqra 1 GW) was 6.99-7.71 halalas = $18.6-20.6/MWh."},"supply":{"v":15,"asof":"2025-07","conf":"disclosed","src":"http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/653410","basis":"15 GW of new renewables contracted in Jul 2025 (12 GW solar + 3 GW wind PPAs), now moving into construction. This is contracted capacity, not a full count of GW under construction. The same article expects connected renewables of 12.7 GW by end-2025 and 20 GW by 2026.","type":"planned"},"queue":{"v":6.0,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://enterpriseam.com/ksa/2026/09/27/al-yamama-takes-the-infrastructure-contract-for-humains-6-gw-riyadh-ai-campus/","basis":"Announced campus: HUMAIN's east-Riyadh (Al Saad, 24 km2) AI campus of six 1 GW plots in two phases; the Al Yamama infrastructure contract was awarded Sep 2026. This excludes HUMAIN's other sites the same article lists: the Neom Oxagon campus (1.5 GW target, 360 MW under development), the 1 GW AMD/Cisco venture, and a separate 250 MW Riyadh project.","type":"announced"},"carbon":{"v":691.9,"asof":"2024","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2024 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":2.2,"reliability":null,"water":{"v":"Extremely high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Saudi Arabia (country level; one of 25 'extremely high' countries, >80%)","src":"https://www.wri.org/insights/highest-water-stressed-countries"},"policy":"SEC's tariff schedule has a dedicated Cloud Computing class (18 halalas/kWh, below the 20-halala general industrial rate) and a 'heavy consumption' tariff as low as 12 halalas for eligible transmission-connected industries. PIF's HUMAIN is the sovereign AI-campus vehicle (100 MW first phases in Riyadh and Dammam, plus a 6 GW Riyadh campus), and Saudi Electricity signed data-centre power-infrastructure agreements at LEAP 2026.","policy_src":["https://www.se.com.sa/en/Ourservices/ColumnC/Bills-and-Consumption/ConsumptionTariffs/","https://enterpriseam.com/ksa/2026/09/27/al-yamama-takes-the-infrastructure-contract-for-humains-6-gw-riyadh-ai-campus/","https://www.se.com.sa/en/News/CorporateNews/CorporateNews54/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"uae","name":"UAE","full":"United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi / Dubai)","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":12,"hi":24,"mid":18.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-09","basis":"Stargate UAE (G42/Khazna with OpenAI, Oracle and Nvidia; the 1 GW first cluster of the 5 GW UAE-US AI Campus in Abu Dhabi) was announced May 2025. G42 said in Dec 2025 that the first 200 MW would be ready in Q3 2026, about 15-16 months from announcement. No public energisation confirmation was found by 30 Sep 2026. A sovereign-sponsored 100 MW+ load in Abu Dhabi is therefore about 12-24 months. The remainder of the 1 GW and 5 GW campus has no confirmed timeline. Estimate.","src":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/2025/12/05/stargate-uaes-first-phase-to-be-completed-in-third-quarter-of-2026/","snippet":"That first phase of 200MW will be in place and ready"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":74.2,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.addc.ae/en-US/business/Pages/RatesAndTariffs2025.aspx","basis":"ADDC (TAQA Distribution, Abu Dhabi) 'Industry - More than 1 MW' time-of-use tariff: 36.6 fils/kWh from 10:00-22:00, 1 Jun-30 Sep (16.7% of hours) and 27 fils/kWh at all other times. No demand charge. For a flat 90% load factor: 0.167 x 36.6 + 0.833 x 27 = 28.6 fils/kWh, which equals the <=1 MW flat rate and suggests a revenue-neutral TOU design. The page says charges are 'inclusive of VAT at 5%', so ex-VAT = 28.6 / 1.05 = 27.2 fils = AED 0.272 / 3.6725 AED per USD = $74.2/MWh ($77.9/MWh if the rates are actually…","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":1.06,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.zawya.com/en/projects/utilities/uae-renewable-capacity-rises-to-79-gw-in-2025-as-solar-drives-additions-sbzbtfh4","basis":"Renewable GW added in 2025, derived: UAE renewable capacity rose 15.4% y/y to 7,907 MW at end-2025, so 7,907 - 7,907/1.154 = about 1,055 MW added. Large projects under construction are not captured here (the article is paywalled beyond the lead).","type":"added in 2025"},"queue":{"v":5.0,"asof":"2025-10","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/stargate-uae-first-phase-of-200mw-to-complete-by-2026-1.500310364","basis":"Announced campus: the UAE-US AI Campus in Abu Dhabi (5 GW). It includes the 1 GW Stargate UAE cluster, whose first 200 MW is slated for 2026; the rest has no confirmed timeline.","type":"announced"},"carbon":{"v":467.5,"asof":"2024","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2024 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":31.7,"reliability":null,"water":{"v":"Extremely high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for the United Arab Emirates (country level; one of 25 'extremely high' countries)","src":"https://www.wri.org/insights/highest-water-stressed-countries"},"policy":"Abu Dhabi's regulated large-industry tariff is a summer-peak TOU rate (27/36.6 fils/kWh, stated as VAT-inclusive) with no demand charge. AI loads are sovereign-sponsored instead: G42/Khazna's 1 GW Stargate UAE with OpenAI, Oracle and Nvidia sits inside the 5 GW UAE-US AI Campus and is supplied under bespoke arrangements, not the public tariff.","policy_src":["https://www.addc.ae/en-US/business/Pages/RatesAndTariffs2025.aspx","https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/stargate-uae-first-phase-of-200mw-to-complete-by-2026-1.500310364","https://openai.com/index/introducing-stargate-uae/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"kenya","name":"Kenya","full":"Kenya (Nairobi / Olkaria)","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":24,"hi":60,"mid":42.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-05","basis":"The flagship Microsoft/G42 geothermal-powered Olkaria data centre (announced 2024, 1 GW-scale, original May 2026 target) stalled. President Ruto said energising it would mean cutting power to half the country, and the Treasury declined to fund government commitments in 2025. Kenya's system peaked at 2,177 MW (FY2023/24) with about 3.2 GW interconnected (EPRA), so a 100 MW+ block (~5% of peak) likely needs new dedicated geothermal plus KETRACO transmission. That is multi-year: about 2 years at best for grid supply with upgrades, up to about 5 years if new generation is required. Estimate.","src":"https://www.semafor.com/article/05/06/2026/energy-shortfall-problem-scuppers-kenyas-1b-microsoft-data-center","snippet":"we would need to shut off power for half the country"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":123.9,"asof":"2026-07","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.stimatracker.com/","basis":"KPLC CI6 (220 kV) tariff (schedule effective Jul 2025): energy KSh 10.00/kWh + demand KSh 200/kVA/month. July 2026 pass-throughs: fuel cost charge KSh 3.20, forex adjustment 1.4841, inflation adjustment 0.48, WRA levy 0.0157, ERC levy 0.08, and REP levy at 5% of base (0.50). 100 MW at 90% load factor and unity PF: demand 200 x 100,000 / 65.7m kWh = 0.304. Total 10.00 + 0.304 + 3.20 + 1.484 + 0.48 + 0.016 + 0.08 + 0.50 = KSh 16.06/kWh excl. 16% VAT; / 129.68 KES per USD (30 Sep 2026) = $123.9/MWh. Pass-throughs…","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":6.8,"asof":"2026-05","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.semafor.com/article/05/06/2026/energy-shortfall-problem-scuppers-kenyas-1b-microsoft-data-center","basis":"Planned additions to 2030. This is a TARGET, not capacity under construction: Ruto's goal of 10,000 MW by 2030 against about 3,200 MW interconnected at Jun 2024 (EPRA) gives about 6.8 GW. The financing (a $38bn infrastructure push) is not secured.","type":"planned"},"queue":{"v":1.0,"asof":"2026-05","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://windowsnews.ai/article/microsoft-and-g42s-1-billion-geothermal-ai-data-center-in-kenya-stalls-as-government-refuses-1gw-pow.418554","basis":"Announced campus: the Microsoft/G42 geothermal data centre at Olkaria, about 1 GW (Semafor: roughly one-third of Kenya's ~3 GW installed). It is stalled as of May 2026. No other 100 MW+ campus pipeline figure was retrieved.","type":"announced"},"carbon":{"v":95.9,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":90.0,"reliability":{"v":121.7,"unit":"SAIDI hours/yr (KPLC system; 10.14 h/month x 12, about 7,300 min/yr)","note":"SAIDI rose from 8.37 h/month (FY2022/23) to 10.14 h/month, double EPRA's 5 h target, with SAIFI of 3.96; FY2024/25 figure not retrieved.","asof":"2024-06","src":"https://www.epra.go.ke/sites/default/files/2024-10/EPRA%20Energy%20and%20Petroleum%20Statistics%20Report%20FY%202023-2024_2.pdf"},"water":null,"policy":"Large loads take KPLC's CI6 220 kV tariff (KSh 10.00/kWh + KSh 200/kVA) plus monthly fuel, forex and inflation pass-throughs of about KSh 5/kWh; a CI7 Special Economic Zone class carries the same rate. The flagship Microsoft/G42 geothermal DC stalled in 2025-26 because the state would not guarantee capacity, and the government now ties hyperscale loads to its 10 GW-by-2030 generation push.","policy_src":["https://www.stimatracker.com/","https://www.semafor.com/article/05/06/2026/energy-shortfall-problem-scuppers-kenyas-1b-microsoft-data-center","https://thekenyatimes.com/latest-kenya-times-news/epra-july-tarrifs-charge/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"ethiopia","name":"Ethiopia","full":"Ethiopia (Addis Ababa)","region":"EMEA","ttp":{"lo":12,"hi":36,"mid":24.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-09","basis":"EEP suspended new data-mining licences in Mar 2025 and froze new power allocations; about 20 firms were awaiting licences (Addis Fortune, Nov 2025). In Sep 2026 an El Nino drought led EEP to cut miners from 98% to 23% of contracted capacity, and it has said it may reconsider power sales. The 1.8 GW Koysha hydro plant is still under construction. A new 100 MW+ firm load therefore depends on a negotiated, government-level allocation and on hydrology. Estimate; it could be longer while the freeze lasts.","src":"https://capitalethiopia.com/2026/09/20/el-nino-drought-threatens-ethiopian-power-supply-to-crypto-miners/","snippet":"cut supply from 98 percent of contracted capacity down to just 23 percent"},"gate":{"status":"paused","note":"EEP froze new power allocations to data miners in Mar 2025 and cut them to 23% of contracted capacity in the Sep 2026 drought.","src":"https://capitalethiopia.com/2026/09/20/el-nino-drought-threatens-ethiopian-power-supply-to-crypto-miners/"},"price":{"v":47.8,"asof":"2026-07","conf":"derived","src":"https://addisfortune.news/power-co-unleashes-tariff-shock-rattling-crypto-mining-industry","basis":"EEP's USD-denominated tariff for data and crypto-mining loads, the only published 100 MW-class tariff. Phase 2 of a 3-year TOU phase-in (8 Jul 2026-7 Jul 2027): peak 6.3, shoulder 5.55, off-peak 4.65 US cents/kWh, including 15% VAT and a 0.5% regulatory fee. TOU hour blocks were not retrieved, so an equal-hours average is used: 5.50 cents / 1.15 = 4.78 cents ex-VAT = $47.8/MWh (ex-VAT range $40-55/MWh). This replaces the earlier flat ~3.14 cents. EEU birr-denominated industrial tariffs were not retrieved.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":1.8,"asof":"2023-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koysha_Dam","basis":"GW under construction: Koysha hydropower (Omo River, EEP), under construction since 2016, 60% complete in Sep 2023 and expected to generate 1,800 MW. This is older data; no newer progress figure was retrieved.","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":3.2,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"derived","src":"https://capitalethiopia.com/2026/09/20/el-nino-drought-threatens-ethiopian-power-supply-to-crypto-miners/","basis":"Contracted crypto/data-mining load, derived: 39 licensed miners (31 fully operating) reportedly consume nearly a third of the 9,752 MW installed capacity, about 3.2 GW. This load is now curtailed to 23% of contract. No AI data-centre pipeline figure was retrieved.","type":"contracted"},"carbon":{"v":23.4,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":100.0,"reliability":null,"water":null,"policy":"EEP sells to data/crypto miners in USD under a TOU phase-in (Dec 2025-Jul 2028; peak 6-7.2 US cents/kWh including VAT, up from ~3.14 cents flat); miners paid over 50bn birr, about 35% of EEP revenue. New mining licences were suspended in Mar 2025, new allocations are frozen, and supply to miners was cut to 23% of contract in Sep 2026 amid drought.","policy_src":["https://addisfortune.news/power-co-unleashes-tariff-shock-rattling-crypto-mining-industry","https://capitalethiopia.com/2026/09/20/el-nino-drought-threatens-ethiopian-power-supply-to-crypto-miners/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"india-mh","name":"Maharashtra","full":"India - Maharashtra (Mumbai / Navi Mumbai)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":18,"hi":36,"mid":27.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-06","basis":"In Jun 2026 MERC approved a developer-funded (Lodha) 400/220 kV GIS substation at Ambernath for the Palava data-centre park (~2,950 MW projected), targeted for 2028, about 24 months from approval. MERC's Jun 2025 tariff order (Case 75/2025) also records MSETCL failures to build EHV connections, which leave eligible consumers on 22/33 kV. A 100 MW+ load typically needs a new 220 kV bay or substation: about 1.5 years where an EHV substation has spare capacity, about 3 years for a new one. Developer-funded dedicated substations are the common route.","src":"https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/maharashtra-approves-transmission-infrastructure-for-13-lakh-crore-data-centre-park-11902218","snippet":"large-scale data centre investments expected to commence operations by 2028"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":98.2,"asof":"2026-04","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.mahadiscom.in/consumer/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Order_Case-No.75-of-2025.pdf","basis":"MERC Case 75/2025 FY2026-27 tariff (effective 1 Apr 2026), HT I(A) Industry at EHV (no wheeling charge): demand Rs 650/kVA/month + energy Rs 8.44/kVAh. Data centres get industry status under the IT/ITeS Policy 2023. For 100 MW at 90% load factor and unity PF: 650 x 100,000 / 65.7m kWh = Rs 0.99/kWh, plus 8.44 = Rs 9.43/kWh. Electricity duty is 0 because registered data centres have a permanent exemption. FAC, TOD adjustments and tax on sale were excluded; cross-subsidy surcharge (CSS) does not apply to DISCOM…","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":44.3,"asof":"2026-03","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://solarquarter.com/2026/04/06/indian-energy-exchange-reports-record-141-bu-trade-volume-in-fy26-prices-decline-on-higher-supply/","basis":"IEX Day-Ahead Market average market clearing price for FY2025-26 (Apr 2025-Mar 2026), all-India: Rs 3.86/kWh (-13.7% y/y; RTM Rs 3.59) / 87.15 INR per USD (calendar-2025 average, FRED DEXINUS) = $44.3/MWh."},"ppa":{"v":46.4,"asof":"2026-04","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.mahadiscom.in/consumer/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Order_Case-No.75-of-2025.pdf","basis":"Contracted FDRE (firm and dispatchable RE: solar + wind + storage): energy charge Rs 4.46/kWh in MERC's approved FY2026-27 MSEDCL power-purchase schedule; / 96.06 INR per USD = $46.4/MWh. This is not a fresh 2025 tender result. Plain solar in the same schedule averages about Rs 3.15/kWh (Apr-2026 row: Rs 1,041 cr / 3,303 MU)."},"supply":null,"queue":{"v":2.95,"asof":"2026-06","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/maharashtra-approves-transmission-infrastructure-for-13-lakh-crore-data-centre-park-11902218","basis":"Single park only: the Palava Green Integrated Data Centre Park (Lodha, MMR), with projected load of about 2,950 MW by 2028 per the MERC substation approval. The Maharashtra-wide DC pipeline was not retrieved and is larger.","type":"announced"},"carbon":{"v":670.9,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":26.6,"reliability":null,"water":{"v":"Extremely high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for India (country level; Maharashtra state value not retrieved)","src":"https://www.wri.org/insights/highest-water-stressed-countries"},"policy":"Maharashtra's IT/ITeS Policy 2023 gives registered data centres a permanent electricity-duty exemption, industry-tariff status, open-access and captive-RE facilitation, exemption from statutory power cuts (24x7 supply), and a Rs 1/unit tariff subsidy for 5 years outside Zone I. MERC lets developers fund dedicated EHV substations (e.g., Palava's 400/220 kV Ambernath GIS) without passing the cost to other consumers.","policy_src":["https://kochhar.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Newsletter-IT-ITES-POLICY-OF-MAHARASHTRA-2023-PIVOTAL-FOR-IT-INDUSTRY-.pdf","https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/maharashtra-approves-transmission-infrastructure-for-13-lakh-crore-data-centre-park-11902218","https://www.mahadiscom.in/consumer/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Order_Case-No.75-of-2025.pdf"],"frontier":false},{"id":"india-ap","name":"Andhra Pradesh","full":"India - Andhra Pradesh (Visakhapatnam)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":24,"hi":36,"mid":30.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-08","basis":"Google's 1 GW Visakhapatnam AI hub (with AdaniConneX and Airtel) was announced Oct 2025 and broke ground Apr 2026; its first phase is expected to be operational by late 2028. That is about 30 months from groundbreaking and about 36 from announcement, with all phases over 5 years. AP cleared four more DC projects (~3.5 GW) in Aug 2026. New 100 MW+ loads need new 220/400 kV connections and RE tie-ups; Google is building its own RE.","src":"https://www.business-standard.com/amp/companies/news/google-eyes-first-phase-of-vizag-ai-hub-by-2028-full-operations-in-5-years-126082701451_1.html","snippet":"the first phase of this data centre is expected to be operational by late 2028"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":64.0,"asof":"2026-04","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.apeasternpower.com/MqKfcSkRsjsSlg0NlDDHYCT7dKQ=?filePath=/upload/External_Files//Regulatory/TARIFFORDERS/&fileName=TSFY2026-27.pdf","basis":"APERC FY2026-27 tariff schedule (FY2025-26 rates continued), HT-I(A) Industry (General) at 220 kV: demand Rs 475/kVA/month. TOD energy per kVAh: high-demand months Rs 6.85 peak (06-10, 18-22), 4.60 off-peak (10-15, 00-06), 5.35 normal; low-demand months Rs 6.35 peak. For a flat 100 MW at 90% load factor: day-weighted energy average Rs 5.42 + demand 475 x 100,000 / 65.7m kWh = Rs 0.72, total Rs 6.15/kWh. This excludes electricity duty and FPPCA/true-up pass-throughs. / 96.06 INR per USD (30 Sep 2026) = $64.0/MWh.…","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":44.3,"asof":"2026-03","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://solarquarter.com/2026/04/06/indian-energy-exchange-reports-record-141-bu-trade-volume-in-fy26-prices-decline-on-higher-supply/","basis":"IEX Day-Ahead Market average market clearing price for FY2025-26, all-India (the same national DAM price as Maharashtra): Rs 3.86/kWh / 87.15 INR per USD (calendar-2025 average, FRED DEXINUS) = $44.3/MWh."},"ppa":null,"supply":null,"queue":{"v":4.5,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.medianama.com/2026/08/223-andhra-pradesh-ai-data-centres/","basis":"Announced or cleared DC campuses. Four projects were cleared by AP on 24 Aug 2026 totalling ~3,498 MW: ReNew 1,000 MW at Anakapalli; Data Centre Holdings 486 MW and AM AI Factory 512 MW at Visakhapatnam; and Reliance's giga-scale site at Vizianagaram. Add Google's 1 GW Vizag hub, whose environmental clearance is reportedly for up to 2.51 GW, for at least 4.5 GW in total.","type":"announced"},"carbon":{"v":670.9,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":26.6,"reliability":null,"water":{"v":"Extremely high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for India (country level; Andhra Pradesh state value not retrieved)","src":"https://www.wri.org/insights/highest-water-stressed-countries"},"policy":"AP's package for Google's Vizag hub includes an electricity-duty exemption and a Rs 1/unit discount on the industrial tariff for about 15 years, with Google building its own RE. APERC also offers a cheaper HT energy-intensive-industry class, and the state cleared four more AI data-centre campuses (~3.5 GW) in Aug 2026.","policy_src":["https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/inside-the-subsidies-for-googles-vizag-data-centre-amid-andhra-karnataka-spar","https://www.medianama.com/2026/08/223-andhra-pradesh-ai-data-centres/","https://www.apeasternpower.com/MqKfcSkRsjsSlg0NlDDHYCT7dKQ=?filePath=/upload/External_Files//Regulatory/TARIFFORDERS/&fileName=TSFY2026-27.pdf"],"frontier":false},{"id":"johor","name":"Johor","full":"Malaysia — Johor (TNB)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":18,"hi":48,"mid":33.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-05","basis":"TNB Green Lane Pathway delivers supply ~12 months from approval (33 DC projects delivered by Mar 2026); standard connections take 36-48 months (bizruption.asia May 2026, citing TNB/Kenanga). Add ~6 months for Johor's state technical-committee power/water review and federal approvals. TNB already holds >11 GW of DC applications beyond signed ESAs, so a new request outside Green Lane falls toward the high end.","src":"https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/805149","snippet":"grid connection timelines for data centres from 36 months to as little as 12 months"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":127.8,"asof":"2026-10","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.mytnb.com.my/tariff/js/rates.js","basis":"TNB RP4 Non-Domestic High Voltage General tariff (>50 kV; myTNB calculator rate table): energy 43.03 sen/kWh + AFA +3.61 sen/kWh (Oct 2026) + capacity RM16.68/kW-mo + network RM14.53/kW-mo + RM250/mo + KWTBB 1.6% (on bill excl. AFA/fixed). 100 MW at 90% LF = 65.7 GWh/mo -> RM34.27M/mo = 52.16 sen/kWh. Excludes 8% service tax. FX 4.081 MYR/USD (30 Sep 2026). HV ToU variant gives ~52.6 sen.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":{"v":126.3,"asof":"2025-07","conf":"derived","src":"https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/761141","basis":"TNB Green Electricity Tariff (GET), renewable-backed supply with RECs (source mix not specified): premium 3 sen/kWh for a 3-year commitment (4 sen 2-yr, 5 sen 1-yr) and GET subscribers are exempt from AFA. On HV General at 90% LF: 43.03 + 4.75 (capacity+network) + KWTBB + 3.0 = 51.54 sen/kWh (1-yr: 53.54 sen = $131.2/MWh). With AFA at +3.61 sen, GET is…"},"supply":{"v":11.8,"asof":"2026-07","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2026/07/13/data-centre-demand-to-energise-tnb-growth","basis":"Planned additions, not under construction: TNB aims to add 11.8 GW of new generation by 2033 (offsetting 6.6 GW of retirements), Peninsular Malaysia. The Energy Commission expects net new capacity of only ~100 MW in 2026 (gas-turbine shortages delaying plants); TNB's 1.4 GW Paka CCGT was awarded under NewGen25 and NewGen26 targets 2029-31 CODs.","type":"planned"},"queue":{"v":5.6,"asof":"2026-07","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2026/07/13/data-centre-demand-to-energise-tnb-growth","basis":"Utility electricity-supply agreements: TNB has DC ESAs for 59 projects / 8.3 GW nationwide (36 completed, 4.5 GW max capacity), all 5-year take-or-pay; 68% of secured capacity is in Johor -> ~5.6 GW (includes energised capacity).","type":"contracted"},"carbon":{"v":605.5,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":20.4,"reliability":{"v":23.56,"unit":"SAIDI min/customer, TNB, 1H 2025 (half-year only)","note":"No shortfall alerts found, but Peninsular peak demand is forecast to rise from 21.3 GW (2026) to 33.5 GW (2035) while 2026 net additions are ~100 MW.","asof":"2025-06","src":"https://bernamabiz.com/news.php?id=2461803"},"water":{"v":"Low","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Johor (province, all-sector weighting, score 0.02, <10%); note Johor's binding constraint is treated-water supply, which drove its 2025 DC restrictions","src":"https://www.wri.org/data/aqueduct-40-country-rankings"},"policy":"RP4 tariffs (from 1 Jul 2025) bill data centres on voltage-based HV tariffs with a monthly AFA fuel adjustment, TNB DC ESAs are 5-year take-or-pay, the Green Lane Pathway targets ~12-month supply, and GET (3-5 sen/kWh premium) is AFA-exempt. Johor stopped approving Tier 1-2 and highly water-intensive DCs (Nov 2025), and its technical committee now screens each project's power source (renewables weighted), water demand and WUE (<1.8) before approval.","policy_src":["https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/761141","https://www.nst.com.my/amp/news/nation/2025/11/1324188/johor-shuts-door-water-guzzling-data-centres-tightens-approval-rules","https://btw.media/en/johor-tightens-power-and-water-checks-for-data-centres","https://bizruption.asia/asia-in-focus/malaysia-data-centre-grid-water-constraint-2026/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"singapore","name":"Singapore","full":"Singapore (SP Group / EMA)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":45,"hi":72,"mid":58.5,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-08","basis":"No open allocation route: DC-CFA2 (launched 1 Dec 2025, awarded 21 Aug 2026, ~9 months) gave 4 x 50 MW on Jurong Island, and a further call will only be reviewed in 18-24 months (~Feb-Aug 2028). Estimate = wait for next call + ~9 months to award + ~18-36 months build/energisation. 100 MW+ for one user exceeds the 50 MW per-operator awards; fab power via EDB/JTC not assessed.","src":"https://technode.global/2026/08/21/singapore-allocates-200-mw-of-new-data-center-capacity-to-digital-realty-equinix-keppel-st-telemedia/","snippet":"review the need for another Call for Application in 18 to 24 months"},"gate":{"status":"paused","note":"No open allocation: the latest call awarded 4 × 50 MW (Aug 2026), and another call will only be reviewed in 18–24 months.","src":"https://technode.global/2026/08/21/singapore-allocates-200-mw-of-new-data-center-capacity-to-digital-realty-equinix-keppel-st-telemedia/"},"price":{"v":183.0,"asof":"2026-10","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.spgroup.com.sg/dam/spgroup/pdf/resources/billing/Historical-Electricity-Tariff.xlsx","basis":"SP Group regulated Extra High Tension tariff, 1 Oct-31 Dec 2026, excl. GST: contracted capacity S$11.67/kW-mo; energy 24.88 S-cents/kWh peak (07:00-23:00), 15.08 off-peak. Flat 100 MW at 90% LF -> 21.61 energy + 1.78 capacity = 23.39 S-cents/kWh. FX 1.278 SGD/USD (30 Sep 2026). Contestable large users usually buy energy from retailers/wholesale plus network charges, so contract prices may differ. Q3 2026 was higher (peak 28.52 cents) due to Middle East conflict fuel costs.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":89.2,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.home.emcsg.com/publications/-/media/Comms/NEMS-Market-Reports/NEMS-Market-Report-2025_Final.pdf","basis":"EMC NEMS Market Report 2025: annual average USEP S$116.57/MWh (down 28.6% from S$163.18 in 2024). FX 1.3072 SGD/USD (2025 average, ECB)."},"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":2.47,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.powerinfotoday.com/hydrogen/singapore-to-expand-hydrogen-ready-power-plants-capacity/","basis":"Committed hydrogen-ready CCGT additions 2026-2031 (planned additions, not all under construction): Keppel 600 MW + Sembcorp 600 MW scheduled for 2026, PacificLight >=600 MW (2029, per EMA sustainability report), Tuas Power 670 MW (EMA award Aug 2026, COD Dec 2031). EMA projects 2031 peak demand of 9.6-11.4 GW.","type":"planned"},"queue":{"v":0.2,"asof":"2026-08","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://technode.global/2026/08/21/singapore-allocates-200-mw-of-new-data-center-capacity-to-digital-realty-equinix-keppel-st-telemedia/","basis":"Government-allocated new DC capacity: DC-CFA2 awarded 200 MW (50 MW each to Digital Realty, Equinix, Keppel DC, STT GDC; Jurong Island; >=50% green energy) on 21 Aug 2026; the 2023 pilot DC-CFA allocated ~80 MW more.","type":"allocated"},"carbon":{"v":497.0,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":5.5,"reliability":{"v":0.32,"unit":"SAIDI min/customer/yr","note":"No supply shortfalls; SAIDI rose from 0.26 min (2024) to 0.32 min (2025), still among the lowest anywhere.","asof":"2025","src":"https://www.ema.gov.sg/content/dam/corporate/resources/statistics/files/pdf/EMA-Statistics-SAIDI-SAIFI-2025.pdf.coredownload.pdf"},"water":null,"policy":"New DC capacity is released only through government calls: DC-CFA2 (1 Dec 2025 to 21 Aug 2026) allocated 4 x 50 MW on Jurong Island with >=50% green-energy pathways, liquid cooling and efficient IT, and another call will be reviewed in 18-24 months. EMA is adding low-carbon imports (e.g., conditional approvals for 900 MW of Peninsular Malaysia-Singapore trade in 2026) and tendering hydrogen-ready CCGTs for 2031-32.","policy_src":["https://technode.global/2026/08/21/singapore-allocates-200-mw-of-new-data-center-capacity-to-digital-realty-equinix-keppel-st-telemedia/","https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/four-data-centre-proposals-selected-as-part-of-second-data-centre.html","https://www.ema.gov.sg/news-events/news/media-releases/2026/ema-grants-conditional-approvals-900mw-electricity-trade-between-peninsular-malaysia-singapore","https://www.ema.gov.sg/news-events/news/media-releases/2026/ema-awards-rfp-for-new-generation-capacity-to-tuas-power"],"frontier":false},{"id":"batam","name":"Batam","full":"Indonesia — Batam (PLN Batam)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":9,"hi":24,"mid":16.5,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-04","basis":"PLN Batam signed a 511 MVA (~450 MW) power purchase agreement with DayOne on 17 Apr 2026 with phased supply in 2026-2027 (~6-20 months from signing), and brought 50 MW of a 100 MW rental gas-engine plant online ~9 months after groundbreaking (Jan to Oct 2025). But the isolated grid peaks at 841 MW (2026) against a 1.47 GW-IT DC pipeline, so a new 100 MW+ request likely needs new generation; hence the 24-month upper bound.","src":"https://dayonedc.com/markets/dayone-signs-indonesias-largest-511mva-450mw-ppa-to-expand-hyperscale-data-center-platform-in-batam","snippet":"Power supply will be delivered in phases between 2026 and 2027"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":58.3,"asof":"2026-04","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.plnbatam.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/TARIF-PLN-BATAM-TW1-2025.pdf","basis":"PLN Batam tariff I-4/TT (>30 MVA): energy Rp1,066/kWh peak (WBP, assumed 17:00-22:00) and Rp968/kWh off-peak (LWBP) + demand charge Rp34,650/kVA-mo. 100 MW at 90% LF, PF 0.9 (111 MVA) -> Rp988.4 + Rp58.6 = Rp1,047/kWh. Excludes PPJ local tax and VAT. Schedule is TW1-2025; PLN Batam said tariffs were unchanged through Apr-Jun 2026 (I-2 to I-4: Rp968-1,171.30/kWh). A new ESDM decree on PLN Batam tariffs (Kepmen 354.K/TL.04/MEM.L/2026) was being socialised in Sep 2026 and may change this. FX 17,949 IDR/USD (30 Sep…","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":0.1,"asof":"2025-10","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://maxpowergroup.com/2025/10/24/inauguration-of-the-operation-of-50-mw-of-the-100-mw-rental-gas-engine-power-plant-pltmg-in-batam/","basis":"GW added in 2025: 100 MW rental gas-engine plant (PLTMG), 50 MW online 24 Oct 2025 with the remaining 50 MW targeted for Dec 2025. PLN Batam plans to raise supply capability to 3,691 MW (by ~2035) against a 2026 peak of 841 MW (Kompas, Sep 2026).","type":"added in 2025"},"queue":{"v":1.47,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://money.kompas.com/read/2026/09/26/100000526/data-center-batam-butuh-listrik-1-47-gw-beban-puncak-bisa-tembus-2.540-mw-pada","basis":"BP Batam mapping of existing + committed + pipeline DC capacity = 1.47 GW of IT load (grid draw is higher); includes DayOne's 450 MW Kabil Industrial Tech Park agreement (Apr 2026) and Nongsa Digital Park campuses. Not limited to signed utility agreements.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":705.3,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":15.8,"reliability":{"unit":"SAIDI min/yr (not found)","note":"Isolated Batam-Bintan grid peaking at 841 MW in 2026 (projected 2,540 MW by 2035), with DC load expected to exceed half of peak by 2029.","asof":"2026-09","src":"https://money.kompas.com/read/2026/09/26/100000526/data-center-batam-butuh-listrik-1-47-gw-beban-puncak-bisa-tembus-2.540-mw-pada"},"water":{"v":"Low","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Kepulauan Riau province (all-sector weighting, score 0.59, <10%)","src":"https://www.wri.org/data/aqueduct-40-country-rankings"},"policy":"BP Batam (free-trade-zone authority) now applies a 'Utility First, Investment Follows' approach to DC investment, prioritising competitive tariffs, supply guarantees, faster infrastructure and water resilience, while PLN Batam tariffs are set by ESDM decree (Kepmen 354.K/TL.04/MEM.L/2026 socialised Sep 2026). Large DC loads contract directly with PLN Batam (e.g., DayOne 511 MVA, Apr 2026, alongside up to 200 MWp of planned solar).","policy_src":["https://money.kompas.com/read/2026/09/26/100000526/data-center-batam-butuh-listrik-1-47-gw-beban-puncak-bisa-tembus-2.540-mw-pada","https://www.plnbatam.com/tarif-listrik-ramai-dibahas-pln-batam-pastikan-belum-ada-penyesuaian-tarif-di-batam/","https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2026/04/20/batam-powers-ahead-as-southeast-asias-emerging-hyperscale-data-center-hub","https://dayonedc.com/markets/dayone-signs-indonesias-largest-511mva-450mw-ppa-to-expand-hyperscale-data-center-platform-in-batam"],"frontier":true},{"id":"thailand","name":"Thailand","full":"Thailand — Bangkok / Chonburi (EEC)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":18,"hi":42,"mid":30.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-09","basis":"No utility lead-time statement found. Since 30 Mar 2026 BOI DC applicants must file an ERC letter confirming supply (16 projects confirmed by Aug 2026) and post a THB4.5m/MW guarantee for reserved capacity. The draft PDP2026 plans for only 8.8 GW of DC load against ~35 GW applied, so projects may be connected at less than requested. EGAT needs ~US$1bn of grid upgrades, especially in the EEC (e.g., Pluak Daeng substation transformer expansion due Q1 2027).","src":"https://recatools.com/news/thailand-boi-data-centre-grid-gate-erc-letter-2026/","snippet":"confirming that the electricity supply will be sufficiently available"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":102.7,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"derived","src":"https://capsolar.co.th/en/knowledge/thailand-electricity-tariff","basis":"PEA/MEA Large General Service TOU >=69 kV (Category 4.2): on-peak 4.1025 THB/kWh (09:00-22:00 Mon-Fri), off-peak 2.5849, demand charge 74.14 THB/kW-mo, Ft +0.1623 THB/kWh (Sep-Dec 2026). Flat 100 MW at 90% LF (38.7% on-peak hours, holidays ignored) -> 3.172 energy + 0.113 demand + 0.162 Ft = 3.447 THB/kWh. Excludes service charge and 7% VAT. FX 33.57 THB/USD (30 Sep 2026). A dedicated DC tariff of 5-6 THB/kWh is under consideration.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":{"v":135.8,"asof":"2026-03","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://energyheadlines.com/thailand-launches-ugt2-program-to-boost-corporate-access-to-renewable-energy/","basis":"Utility Green Tariff 2 (UGT2): specific-source solar/wind/biogas bought through MEA/PEA with bundled RECs on a 10-year contract, priced at ~4.56 THB/kWh. FX 33.57 THB/USD (current). Direct PPAs via third-party access (2,000 MW pilot, >=50 MW IT per building) have no published price."},"supply":{"v":50.9,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.nationthailand.com/sustaination/40070547","basis":"Planned additions, not under construction: draft PDP2026 (public hearing 8 Sep 2026) proposes ~50.9 GW of new capacity by 2037; the rooftop-solar programme for one million households is expected to add >5 GW.","type":"planned"},"queue":{"v":8.8,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.nationthailand.com/business/economy/40071096","basis":"Screened DC electricity demand the Ministry of Energy is putting into draft PDP2026 (16 Sep 2026), against ~35 GW of DC applications it calls 'phantom demand'. The BOI approved 26 DC projects (THB498.7bn) in 2025 and 8 (THB162bn) in Jan-Jul 2026.","type":"planned"},"carbon":{"v":546.3,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":16.6,"reliability":{"unit":"SAIDI min/yr (PEA/MEA figures not retrieved)","note":"No shortfall alerts found; DC applications (~35 GW) approach the ~40 GW system peak, and PDP2026 replaces the reserve-margin criterion with LOLE.","asof":"2026-09","src":"https://www.nationthailand.com/business/economy/40071096"},"water":{"v":"Extremely high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Bangkok Metropolis (score 4.11) and Chon Buri (4.43), all-sector weighting, >80%","src":"https://www.wri.org/data/aqueduct-40-country-rankings"},"policy":"Since 30 Mar 2026, BOI data-centre applicants must file an ERC letter confirming power availability and post a THB4.5m/MW guarantee on reserved capacity; a dedicated DC tariff of THB5-6/kWh is under consideration, and draft PDP2026 plans for 8.8 GW of DC load against ~35 GW applied. The 2,000 MW Direct PPA pilot (third-party access, 100% RE, >=50 MW IT per building) was extended by the NEPC on 15 Jul 2026 to industrial users with a separate DC tariff class, and UGT1/UGT2 green tariffs are available.","policy_src":["https://recatools.com/news/thailand-boi-data-centre-grid-gate-erc-letter-2026/","https://www.nationthailand.com/business/economy/40071096","https://www.dentons.com/en/insights/alerts/2026/august/14/thailands-direct-ppa-pilot-for-data-centres-what-has-changed-since-early-2026","https://www.bakermckenzie.com/en/insight/publications/2026/04/thailand-new-thailand-boi-data-center-investment-requirement"],"frontier":false},{"id":"vietnam","name":"Vietnam","full":"Vietnam — Ho Chi Minh City / Hanoi (EVN)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":24,"hi":36,"mid":30.0,"conf":"disclosed","asof":"2026-04","basis":"Cushman & Wakefield APAC Data Centre Construction Cost Guide 2026 puts the wait for new 100 MW of power in Vietnam's key clusters (Hanoi, HCMC) at ~2-3 years.","src":"https://www.cushmanwakefield.com/en/vietnam/news/2026/03/vietnam-emerges-as-a-data-centre-growth-market","snippet":"approximate 2- to 3- year wait time for new 100MW power"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":73.4,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"derived","src":"https://vietnamsolar.vn/gia-dien-san-xuat/","basis":"EVN manufacturing tariff >=110 kV (Decision 1279/QD-BCT, billed from 10 May 2025; average retail price 2,204.07 VND/kWh): normal 1,811, off-peak 1,146, peak 3,266 VND/kWh. TOU windows per Decision 963/QD-BCT (from 22 Apr 2026): peak 17:30-22:30 Mon-Sat, off-peak 00:00-06:00. Flat load -> 1,904.6 VND/kWh; no demand charge; excl. VAT. FX 25,933 VND/USD (30 Sep 2026). Applies to fabs; data centres are billed on the higher business tariff after Circular 60/2025.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":null,"supply":{"v":6.4,"asof":"2025-12","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://en.evn.com.vn/d/en-US/news/Vietnams-power-system-ranks-second-in-ASEAN-60-163-501175","basis":"GW added in 2025: national installed capacity (excl. imports) reached ~87.6 GW at end-2025, up ~6.4 GW on 2024 (EVN); 2025 peak load was 54,370 MW (+11.1% y/y).","type":"added in 2025"},"queue":{"v":0.137,"asof":"2026-04","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.cushmanwakefield.com/en/vietnam/news/2026/03/vietnam-emerges-as-a-data-centre-growth-market","basis":"Cushman & Wakefield: ~73 MW operational plus ~137 MW DC pipeline to 2030 (Hanoi + HCMC). Announced projects exceed this (Viettel Tan Phu Trung 140 MW, CMC 30 MW expandable to 120 MW, Evolution DC 52 MW), so treat it as a floor. Not utility supply agreements.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":463.9,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":45.3,"reliability":{"v":230,"unit":"SAIDI min/customer/yr (EVN-wide)","note":"EVN beat its 233-minute target in 2025 while peak load grew 11.1% y/y.","asof":"2025","src":"https://en.evn.com.vn/d/en-US/news/In-2025-EVN-continues-to-improve-power-supply-reliability-and-expand-digital-services-60-204-501252"},"water":{"v":"Low-medium","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Ho Chi Minh City (score 1.67) and Hanoi (1.71), all-sector weighting, 10-20%","src":"https://www.wri.org/data/aqueduct-40-country-rankings"},"policy":"Decision 1279/QD-BCT set the average retail tariff at 2,204.07 VND/kWh from 10 May 2025 and Decision 963/QD-BCT reset TOU windows from 22 Apr 2026, while Circular 60/2025 moved third-party data centres onto the business tariff. Decree 57/2025 (DPPA, from 3 Mar 2025) lets large consumers buy renewables directly; Resolution 253/2025 liberalised private DPPA pricing and Decree 243/2026 (26 Jun 2026) widened the scheme.","policy_src":["https://vietnamsolar.vn/gia-dien-san-xuat/","https://arcusenergyasia.com/resources/regulations/decree-57/for-data-centres","https://www.bakermckenzie.com/-/media/files/insight/publications/2026/06/vietnam_new-regulations-on-direct-power-purchase-agreement-mechanism.pdf","https://vtn-partners.com/news/vietnam-overhauls-the-dppa-and-self-generation-self-consumption-regimes-decree-243-2026-nd-cp.html"],"frontier":false},{"id":"philippines","name":"Luzon","full":"Philippines — Luzon (Meralco)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":18,"hi":36,"mid":27.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-09","basis":"No utility lead-time statement found. Meralco builds dedicated 115-kV switching stations for hyperscale campuses (A-FLOW ML1 agreement Aug 2024; STT GDC station energised Feb 2025). But Luzon supply is tight (yellow/red alerts 12-15 May 2026), NGCP won deadline extensions on P8.2bn of transmission projects (Aug 2026), and Meralco's new 900 MW baseload procurement only delivers from Feb 2031.","src":"https://powerphilippines.com/tag/hyperscale/","snippet":"completed and energized a 115-kV switching station for ST Telemedia Global"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":181.0,"asof":"2026-09","conf":"derived","src":"https://meralcomain.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/2026-09/09-2026_rate_schedule.pdf","basis":"Meralco captive General Power 115/69 kV Very Large/Extra Large, Sep 2026 billing: generation P9.7032/kWh + transmission P233.14/kW + ancillary P312.04/kW + system loss P0.1701/kWh + distribution P0.0502/kWh + P140.12/kW + AWAT/reset refunds -P0.3002/kWh + universal charges, FIT-All and other pass-throughs P0.6657/kWh. 100 MW at 90% LF -> P11.33/kWh. Excludes VAT and local franchise tax. FX 62.60 PHP/USD (30 Sep 2026). Contestable users buy generation from retail suppliers instead; Aug 2026 generation charge was…","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":75.1,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.philstar.com/business/2026/01/05/2498730/wesm-prices-hit-fresh-lows-2025","basis":"IEMOP average effective WESM price, Jan-Nov 2025 = P4.32/kWh (multi-year low; full-year figure not found). FX 57.51 PHP/USD (2025 average, ECB)."},"ppa":{"v":78.0,"asof":"2025-06","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://energycentralph.info/erc-finalizes-price-caps-for-4th-green-energy-auction/","basis":"GEA-4 Green Energy Auction Reserve (ceiling) price for ground-mounted solar, P4.4832/kWh (ERC final, Jun 2025); integrated solar+storage ceiling P5.4028/kWh = $93.9/MWh. The auction was held 2 Sep 2025 and winning bids must be at or below the ceiling; clearing prices not found. FX 57.51 PHP/USD (2025 average)."},"supply":{"v":10.2,"asof":"2025-11","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://taiyangnews.info/markets/philippines-announces-gea-4-auction-winners","basis":"Planned additions: renewable capacity (solar, wind, storage) approved under GEA-4 for delivery around 2026-2028. National, not Luzon-only, and not an under-construction figure.","type":"planned"},"queue":null,"carbon":{"v":595.4,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":23.3,"reliability":{"v":20.943,"unit":"SAIDI min/customer/yr (Meralco franchise, 2024)","note":"Luzon and Visayas grids went on yellow/red alert on 12-15 May 2026 after forced plant outages, prompting a DOE/ERC incident probe of NGCP.","asof":"2024","src":"https://www.bworldonline.com/spotlight/2025/06/30/682209/meralco-reinforces-commitment-to-customer-centricity-and-service-excellence/"},"water":{"v":"Medium-high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct 4.0 baseline water stress for Metropolitan Manila (score 2.25, 20-40%), all-sector weighting","src":"https://www.wri.org/data/aqueduct-40-country-rankings"},"policy":"Contestable large users buy generation from retail suppliers while captive Meralco rates pass through monthly generation costs; new supply comes via DOE Green Energy Auctions (GEA-4 ~10 GW of solar/wind/storage, Sep 2025; GEA-5 offshore wind with a P11.00/kWh ceiling) and Meralco's 900 MW baseload tender (supply from 2031). DICT's Feb 2026 roadmap targets 1.5 GW of DC capacity online by 2027 and 18 GW over a decade, and the Green Lanes for Strategic Investments Act fast-tracks DC permits (not yet grid connections).","policy_src":["https://meralcomain.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/2026-09/09-2026_rate_schedule.pdf","https://powerphilippines.com/erc-finalizes-offshore-wind-reserve-price-under-gea-5/","https://www.philstar.com/business/2026/09/30/2559827/meralco-starts-auction-900-mw-baseload-power","https://filipinoengineer.com/blog/2026/07/powering-the-philippine-data-center-boom-government-programs-power-constraints-and-the-path-forward.html","https://doe.gov.ph/articles/3457599--doe-erc-direct-ngcp-to-submit-full-incident-report-on-luzon-and-visayas-grid-alerts"],"frontier":false},{"id":"japan","name":"Tokyo","full":"Japan (Tokyo area / TEPCO; Hokkaido & Kyushu as steered alternatives)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":48,"hi":120,"mid":84.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-07","basis":"Tokyo-area (TEPCO PG) large-load connections: up to ~10 years from connection contract to energization in some cases (Biz Journal, Jul 2026); secondary sources cite 5-10 years for Tokyo metro (Introl, Jan 2026). TEPCO PG line-connection applications reached 15 GW (+20% y/y) at end-FY2025, and TEPCO PG's president has pledged to halve data-center connection waits (Nikkei, Mar 2026) via pre-application consultation. Hokkaido/Kyushu are being promoted as 3rd/4th hubs and may be faster, but no quantified lead time was found for them.","src":"https://biz-journal.jp/company/post_395361.html","snippet":"事例によっては最大10年程度を要することがあり"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":140.2,"asof":"2026-06","conf":"derived","src":"https://pps-net.org/unit","basis":"National average retail unit price for extra-high-voltage (特別高圧, >=2,000 kW) customers, Jun 2026: 17.85 JPY/kWh (EGC data compiled by EIC 新電力ネット; excludes consumption tax and the renewable surcharge), plus the FY2026 renewable surcharge of 4.18 JPY/kWh = 22.03 JPY/kWh; at 157.18 JPY/USD (FRED H.10, 2026-09-25) = $140.2/MWh. National rather than TEPCO-area only; a 90%-load-factor 100 MW load would likely pay somewhat less per kWh; surcharge exemptions (減免) for qualifying energy-intensive users not applied.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":84.5,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://www.jepx.jp/electricpower/market-data/spot/","basis":"JEPX day-ahead Tokyo area price, calendar 2025 simple average of all 17,520 half-hour slots = 12.64 JPY/kWh (system price 11.36 JPY/kWh = $75.9/MWh), computed from JEPX spot_summary CSVs for FY2024 and FY2025; converted at the 2025 average of 149.57 JPY/USD (FRED H.10)."},"ppa":{"v":91.6,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://project.nikkeibp.co.jp/ms/atcl/19/news/00001/05791/","basis":"Off-site corporate PPA solar (ground-mounted, high-voltage, commissioned 2025; 13 developers, 50 MW in METI's subsidy program) LCOE of 13.7 JPY/kWh over 20 years, per a JPEA survey published Apr 2026; this is a cost basis for the generation leg of PPA prices, not a contract price. Converted at 149.57 JPY/USD (2025 average). The same survey puts the average…"},"supply":null,"queue":{"v":15,"asof":"2026-03","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://shulman-advisory.com/japan-data-center-update-17-utsunomiya-tender-tepco-pg-aiming-to-halve-connection-lead-time-and-tighter-capacity-rules/","basis":"TEPCO PG transmission-line connection applications (predominantly data centers) at end-FY2025, about a quarter of TEPCO's peak demand, expected to connect over the next decade. For comparison, ITmedia (Sep 2026) projects TEPCO-area data-center demand rising from 0.83 GW in FY2026 to 7.62 GW in FY2035.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":477,"asof":"2025","src":"https://storage.googleapis.com/emb-prod-bkt-publicdata/public-downloads/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv","basis":"Japan national generation CO2 intensity for 2025 (Ember yearly dataset). This is not a TEPCO-area factor: the TEPCO EP emission factor (MOE list and tepco.co.jp) could not be retrieved because both sites were blocked from the sandbox.","scope":"sub-national"},"clean_pct":32.7,"reliability":null,"water":{"v":"Medium-high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct baseline water stress for Tokyo prefecture: area-weighted 0.29 (Chiba 0.32, Kanagawa 0.29, Saitama 0.31); the alternative hubs Hokkaido (0.13) and Fukuoka (0.13) are Low-medium. Uses Aqueduct 3.0 annual indicators via the WRI Resource Watch Carto API; Aqueduct 4.0 was not reachable by API.","src":"https://wri-rw.carto.com/api/v2/sql?q=SELECT%20name_0,name_1,bws_raw,bws_label%20FROM%20water_risk_indicators_annual%20WHERE%20name_0='Japan'"},"policy":"METI's watt-bit policy (ワット・ビット連携) promotes Hokkaido and Kyushu as third and fourth data-center hubs to complement Tokyo and Osaka. METI has also proposed letting TSOs reclaim unused contracted capacity to stop queue hoarding, while TEPCO PG targets halving connection waits.","policy_src":["https://biz-journal.jp/company/post_395361.html","https://shulman-advisory.com/japan-data-center-update-17-utsunomiya-tender-tepco-pg-aiming-to-halve-connection-lead-time-and-tighter-capacity-rules/","https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUC277380X20C26A3000000/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"korea","name":"Korea","full":"South Korea (Seoul metro; KEPCO)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":72,"mid":54.0,"conf":"derived","asof":"2026-09","basis":"The capital region is effectively closed. Of 522 capital-region data-center grid-impact applications (33.6 GW, Aug 2024 to Mar 2026), 279 were rejected and only 10 (1.01 GW) were finally approved. Outside the capital region, 187 of 214 received supply-possible notices. The grid impact assessment adds 2-3 years to approvals (TechTimes, Aug 2026), and 37% of KEPCO reviews took more than 6 months, some more than 2 years (Etoday, Sep 2026). Regional benchmark: the SK/AWS Ulsan AIDC, announced Jun 2025, reaches 41 MW in Nov 2027 and 103 MW in Feb 2029 (~44 months; kukinews, Sep 2026). The range assumes a regional site; in the capital region a new 100 MW+ request is unlikely to be approved at all.","src":"https://zdnet.co.kr/view/?no=20260917112651","snippet":"이 중 최종 공급 가능 승인을 받은 사업은 10건, 1010MW에 그쳤다"},"gate":{"status":"restricted","note":"The Seoul capital region is effectively closed: 10 of 522 data-center applications (1.0 of 33.6 GW) were approved. Regions outside it are open.","src":"https://zdnet.co.kr/view/?no=20260917112651"},"price":{"v":126.1,"asof":"2025-12","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.dataeconomy.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=42618","basis":"KEPCO industrial (을) (high-voltage industrial) rate at end-2025: 179.2 KRW/kWh average, at 1421.4 KRW/USD (2025 average, FRED H.10). Excludes VAT; the Electric Power Industry Basis Fund levy (a few % of the bill) is charged on top and not included. Data centers are billed on the general-use tariff instead: 172.99 KRW/kWh at end-2025 = $121.7/MWh.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":{"v":79.3,"asof":"2025","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://new.kpx.or.kr/smpYearly.es?mid=a10606080400&device=pc","basis":"KPX mainland (육지) system marginal price (SMP), 2025 annual average of 112.73 KRW/kWh (2024: 128.33), at 1421.4 KRW/USD (2025 average)."},"ppa":{"v":112.7,"asof":"2026-05","conf":"estimate","src":"https://en.sedaily.com/finance/2026/05/29/sk-eternix-signs-100-mw-solar-direct-ppa-contract","basis":"Solar direct PPA: SK Eternix signed a 100 MW, 25-year deal with an RE100 buyer worth 502.3bn KRW in total. The implied price of ~153 KRW/kWh assumes a 15% capacity factor (131.4 GWh/yr) and no degradation; the per-kWh price was not disclosed. Converted at 1356.5 KRW/USD (FRED, 2026-09-25). Excludes the network and other direct-PPA charges."},"supply":{"v":15.4,"asof":"2026-03","conf":"derived","src":"https://new.kpx.or.kr/boardDownload.es?bid=0040&list_no=77850&seq=1","basis":"Sum of KPX-listed conventional projects holding construction-plan approval (≈under construction) as of 2026-03-31: nuclear 5.6 GW (Saeul 3-4, Shin-Hanul 3-4), gas/CHP ~8.0 GW, and pumped hydro 1.8 GW. The full conventional pipeline (under construction plus planned) is 26.8 GW; 14.0 GW of renewables, mostly offshore wind, is expected to enter between 2026 and 2033. Derived from the KPX H1-2026 plant construction…","type":"under construction"},"queue":{"v":63.8,"asof":"2026-03","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.sedaily.com/article/20075225","basis":"Cumulative power-grid-impact-assessment applications nationwide as of end-Mar 2026, in the article's AI-data-center context: 63,846 MW in total, of which 32,949 MW was deemed supplyable and 9,583 MW remained undecided. The capital region alone accounts for 33.6 GW (522 applications). The 11th Basic Plan projected KEPCO data-center requests of 7.3 GW by 2027.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":417.1,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":40.0,"reliability":null,"water":{"v":"Medium-high","basis":"WRI Aqueduct baseline water stress for the Seoul Capital Area: area-weighted 0.34 across Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon. Seoul proper is 0.44 (High), Gyeonggi 0.34 and Incheon 0.27; Ulsan is 0.20. Uses Aqueduct 3.0 annual indicators via the WRI Carto API; Aqueduct 4.0 was not reachable by API.","src":"https://wri-rw.carto.com/api/v2/sql?q=SELECT%20name_0,name_1,bws_raw,bws_label%20FROM%20water_risk_indicators_annual%20WHERE%20name_0='South%20Korea'"},"policy":"The Distributed Energy Activation Special Act (June 2024) requires a power-grid impact assessment for loads over 10 MW; KEPCO has approved only about 2% of capital-region data-center requests, pushing projects to the regions. The government plans regionally differentiated tariffs across 11 pricing zones, with cuts of up to ₩13-18/kWh in the south, targeted for implementation before the end of 2026.","policy_src":["https://assets.cushmanwakefield.com/-/media/cw/apac/south-korea/insights/research/cwresearchdatacentresthepowerchallenge2025eng.pdf?rev=fe76cdc1273b40d5966a13e3c5c0dcc2","https://www.techtimes.com/articles/325742/20260827/south-korea-creates-11-electricity-zones-slash-ai-data-center-costs.htm","https://zdnet.co.kr/view/?no=20260917112651"],"frontier":false},{"id":"taiwan","name":"Taiwan","full":"Taiwan (Taipower)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":24,"hi":60,"mid":42.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-07","basis":"Estimate. No data center over 5 MW north of Taoyuan has received power approval since Sep 2023 (MOEA/Taipower, Aug 2024); easing is proposed only for zones beside the Datan and Hsieh-ho plants (udn, Jul 2026). Of 79 AI data-center power applications (4.76 GW) to Nov 2025, 40 (3.03 GW) were approved, but only ~0.87 GW is operating or under construction, and more than 70% of approvals lapsed. A Taipower 161 kV underground line for a >100 MW Guishan campus was scheduled to take ~2 years to build. The range runs from ~2 years where central/southern substation capacity exists to ~5 years where new 161/345 kV works are needed.","src":"https://www.ctwant.com/article/426035/","snippet":"預計歷時近兩年"},"gate":{"status":"restricted","note":"No data center over 5 MW north of Taoyuan has received power approval since Sep 2023; the south is open.","src":"https://www.ctwant.com/article/426035/"},"price":null,"wholesale":null,"ppa":null,"supply":null,"queue":{"v":4.76,"asof":"2025-11","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.twreporter.org/a/data-center-electricity-demand","basis":"Cumulative AI data-center power applications to Taipower: 79 cases totalling 4,758 MW. Of these, 40 were approved (~3,033 MW) and 39 rejected (~1,725 MW); only 303.5 MW is operating and ~567 MW is under construction. Separately, projected new demand for 2024-2030 is 1.85 GW for AI data centers and 3.24 GW for semiconductors.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":634.0,"asof":"2025","src":"https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/","basis":"Ember 2025 grid emissions intensity (national).","scope":"national"},"clean_pct":13.5,"reliability":null,"water":{"v":"Low","basis":"WRI Aqueduct baseline water stress for Taiwan: area-weighted 0.095 for every major admin area (Taipei, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Kaohsiung), just under the 10% Low threshold. Uses Aqueduct 3.0 annual indicators via the WRI Carto API; Aqueduct 4.0 was not reachable by API. The uniform value suggests coarse basin resolution.","src":"https://wri-rw.carto.com/api/v2/sql?q=SELECT%20name_0,name_1,bws_raw,bws_label%20FROM%20water_risk_indicators_annual%20WHERE%20name_0='Taiwan'"},"policy":"Since 2024 Taipower has declined new data-center loads over 5 MW north of Taoyuan and steers them to central and southern Taiwan; relaxation is proposed only for AI zones next to the Datan and Hsieh-ho plants (Jul 2026). Since Nov 2025, new data centers over 5 MW face energy-efficiency reviews (PUE ≤1.3 hyperscale, ≤1.4 colocation), and tiered tariffs from Jan 2026 add ~20% for inefficient sites.","policy_src":["https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/taiwan-to-stop-large-data-centers-in-the-north-cites-insufficient-power/","https://udn.com/news/story/7238/9629060","https://masonailab.com/insights/taiwan-ai-data-center-power-grid-2026/"],"frontier":false},{"id":"china-west","name":"W. China","full":"China western compute hubs (Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":12,"hi":24,"mid":18.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-07","basis":"Estimate; no disclosed request-to-energization statistic was found. Grid companies build dedicated substations for hub projects: three dedicated 220 kV substations for Huawei Cloud Horinger, two energized Mar 2025. Green-power direct-supply projects are operating: Huadian's Horinger project (started 2024) supplies phase 1 from a 360 MW wind/solar farm over dedicated lines, and Ulanqab's first 'green direct + source-grid-load-storage' project was energized Jul 2025. A Ningxia 330 kV supply project for a Zhongwei compute campus was approved Nov 2025.","src":"https://www.nea.gov.cn/20260710/082757047b114b2798fcdeec42673e18/c.html","snippet":"一期工程建起36万千瓦的风光电场，通过专用线路直供数据中心"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":{"v":43.1,"asof":"2025-06","conf":"derived","src":"https://news.sina.com.cn/zx/gj/2025-06-17/doc-infaiwtk2348420.shtml","basis":"Reported delivered (到户) price of about 0.35 CNY/kWh for data centers in Horinger New District, Inner Mongolia (Xinhua via Sina, Jun 2025). Treated as VAT-inclusive, per the Chinese tariff convention: 0.35/1.13 = 0.310 CNY/kWh ex-VAT, at 7.1875 CNY/USD (2025 average) = $43.1/MWh. If the quoted price already excludes VAT, it is $48.7/MWh.","kind":"industrial"},"wholesale":null,"ppa":{"v":36.4,"asof":"2026-05","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.163.com/dy/article/KSL16A1D05568W0A.html","basis":"Gansu 'mechanism price' auction under NDRC Doc 136 (a two-sided CfD strike for new renewables, not a corporate PPA), for projects entering service in H1 2027; results announced 11 May 2026. Wind cleared at 0.2440 and solar at 0.2447 CNY/kWh (the cap), versus the 0.1954 floor that cleared the earlier 2026 round. Wind converted at 6.711 CNY/USD (FRED,…"},"supply":null,"queue":null,"carbon":{"v":648,"asof":"2023","src":"https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202512/W020251231726284332528.pdf","basis":"Provincial average grid emission factors for 2023, published by MEE/NBS on 31 Dec 2025 (the latest official release): Inner Mongolia 0.6479, Ningxia 0.6187, Gansu 0.4471 kgCO2/kWh; national 0.5306. The v field is Inner Mongolia.","scope":"sub-national"},"clean_pct":41.1,"reliability":null,"water":{"v":"High","basis":"WRI Aqueduct baseline water stress, area-weighted by province: Inner Mongolia 0.70 (High), Ningxia 0.88 (Extremely high), Gansu 0.61 (High). Uses Aqueduct 3.0 annual indicators via the WRI Carto API; Aqueduct 4.0 was not reachable by API.","src":"https://wri-rw.carto.com/api/v2/sql?q=SELECT%20name_0,name_1,bws_raw,bws_label%20FROM%20water_risk_indicators_annual%20WHERE%20name_0='China'"},"policy":"Under East Data West Computing, Inner Mongolia (Horinger), Ningxia (Zhongwei) and Gansu (Qingyang) are national compute hubs. Grid companies build dedicated substations and green-power direct-supply lines for data centers, which report ~0.35 CNY/kWh delivered prices and 80%+ green shares; since 2025 (Doc 136) new renewables sell at market prices with provincial CfD 'mechanism price' auctions.","policy_src":["https://www.nea.gov.cn/20260710/082757047b114b2798fcdeec42673e18/c.html","https://news.sina.com.cn/zx/gj/2025-06-17/doc-infaiwtk2348420.shtml","https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2026-03-08/doc-inhqhyqf0491429.shtml"],"frontier":true},{"id":"australia","name":"Sydney (NSW)","full":"Australia, New South Wales (Sydney; NEM NSW1)","region":"APAC","ttp":{"lo":36,"hi":84,"mid":60.0,"conf":"estimate","asof":"2026-06","basis":"Estimate built on Transgrid's June 2026 letter to all data-center proponents. More than 8 GW of prospective data-center load is in advanced discussions, and ~1.5 GW with signed connection agreements can be accommodated near-term. Western Sydney 330 kV capacity is 'largely exhausted beyond 2033', and there is 'limited scope' for more large loads until major new transmission is certain. New proponents must fund augmentations upfront, and Transgrid points them to regional REZ locations (Hunter, Riverina). The low end assumes a regional or already-augmented site; the high end a Western Sydney site that needs funded 330 kV works.","src":"https://www.transgrid.com.au/media/c0hbf1gj/20260617-update-on-network-capacity.pdf","snippet":"Transmission capacity assessed as largely exhausted beyond 2033"},"gate":{"status":"open"},"price":null,"wholesale":{"v":66.6,"asof":"2025","conf":"derived","src":"https://aemo.com.au/aemo/data/nem/priceanddemand/PRICE_AND_DEMAND_202501_NSW1.csv","basis":"NSW1 calendar-2025 spot price, simple (time-weighted) average of 105,120 five-minute RRP intervals = A$103.32/MWh; the demand-weighted average is A$121.29/MWh ($78.2/MWh). Computed from AEMO monthly PRICE_AND_DEMAND files (Jan-Dec 2025) at 0.6450 USD/AUD (2025 average, FRED H.10)."},"ppa":null,"supply":null,"queue":{"v":8,"asof":"2026-06","conf":"disclosed","src":"https://www.transgrid.com.au/media/c0hbf1gj/20260617-update-on-network-capacity.pdf","basis":"Prospective data-center load in advanced discussions with Transgrid (enquiries, applications and agreement negotiations), concentrated in Western Sydney. Individual proposals range from several hundred MW to more than 1 GW; ~1.5 GW already has signed connection agreements. For scale, average NSW demand is 7.5-10 GW.","type":"requests"},"carbon":{"v":596,"asof":"2026-09","src":"https://nemweb.com.au/Reports/CURRENT/CDEII/CO2EII_SUMMARY_RESULTS.CSV","basis":"AEMO CDEII emissions intensity of NSW1 sent-out generation, 1 Jan to 26 Sep 2026 = 0.5955 tCO2e/MWh (sum of emissions / sum of sent-out energy, 45.4 TWh). Excludes rooftop PV and imports. Calendar 2025 was not in AEMO's CURRENT folder; for comparison, the NEM-wide Q4 2025 figure was 0.53 (AEMO QED).","scope":"sub-national"},"clean_pct":38.7,"reliability":null,"water":{"v":"High","basis":"WRI Aqueduct baseline water stress, New South Wales state, area-weighted 0.42 (High). This state-level aggregate is dominated by inland Murray-Darling basins; the Sydney basin was not isolated and may be lower. Uses Aqueduct 3.0 annual indicators via the WRI Carto API; Aqueduct 4.0 was not reachable by API.","src":"https://wri-rw.carto.com/api/v2/sql?q=SELECT%20name_0,name_1,bws_raw,bws_label%20FROM%20water_risk_indicators_annual%20WHERE%20name_0='Australia'"},"policy":"Transgrid (June 2026) says Western Sydney transmission capacity is largely exhausted beyond 2033 and will require data-center proponents to fund 330 kV augmentations upfront. Extending that requirement to distribution-connected loads is pending a regulatory change; Transgrid is steering large loads to REZ regions such as the Hunter and Riverina.","policy_src":["https://www.transgrid.com.au/media/c0hbf1gj/20260617-update-on-network-capacity.pdf","https://w.media/transgrid-warns-sydney-data-centre-demand-is-stretching-grid-capacity/"],"frontier":false}],"frontier":["batam","china-west","iceland"],"fx_note":"2025 values at 2025 average FX (EUR 1.130 USD); current tariffs at current rates, as stated per value."}